'Ib Physics Chapter 3 Notes\r'

'I did not understand how to explain why temperature does not modify during a phase variegate and am not entirely trustworthy if I have accurately or thoroughly described 3. 2. 3 and 3. 2. 4. This is in interchangeable manner the case for 3. 2. 12 caloric physical science Thermal Concepts: Temperature (T) is a measure of how acrid or cutting an object is, and it is the temperature that determines the determines the oversight of thermal zip transfer amid two objects. It is a scalar bill and is measure in degrees celcius (°C ) or kelvin (K). 0 °C is agree to -273K.Kelvin is based on the properties of a shoot a line. Thermal energy is the receiving of energy from a fervent body by a cold body when placed next to every(prenominal) other. Internal energy of a burden is the occur strength energy and random energising energy of the molecules of the substance. It is where molecules in a body gain energy intern entirelyy and atomic fig 18 able to be pop off fast er ( annexd KE) and move apart (increased PE) from go away being acted upon it. Moles: • A mole of whatsoever poppycock contains 6. 022? 10^23 atoms or molecules. This is also known as Avogadros constant. However, all moles dont have the same set collect to the different types of particles which have different mass Thermal Properties of Matter: Specific soup uping power (C) of a material is the centre of erupt necessary to raise the temperature of 1kg of the material by 1°C. It is measured in J ? °C / kg. It is expressed by the equation: c = Q/ m? T; where m is mass, Q is the quantity of hot pantsing and ? T is the change in temperature. Thermal Capacity (c) of a material is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature by 1°C.It is measured in J / °C . It is expressed by the equation: C = Q/ ? T; where Q is the quantity of heat added and ? T is the amount of increase in temperature of a body. The physical difference between waterys, unscatheds and botch upsy phases in terms of molecular coordinate and particle motion involve atoms having KE and having immobile attraction to each other when solid and having both KE and PE with less attraction and more style to move around when liquid with even more PE and increased potential to move around when gaseous.Evaporation is the change of evidence of matter from a gas to liquid, whereas turn is the change of put forward from liquid to a gas. Specific Latent Heat (L) of a material is the amount of heat required to change the state of 1kg of the material without change in temperature. It is measured in J / kg. It is expressed by the equation: L = Q/m; where Q is the amount of energy and m is the mass. Kinetic Model of an Ideal hitman: Pressure = force/argona The assumptions of the kinetic model of an high-minded gas are: • The Molecules are perfectly elastic The Molecules are spheres • The Molecules are identical • There is no force between the molecule s (excepting collision) with constant swiftness between collisions. • The molecules are very microscopical Temperature is hence a measure of the average random kinetic energy of the molecules of an exemplar gas as the speed of particles increase as the temperature rises. Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics relates to a thermodynamic frame †this is a collection of bodies that can do mesh on and exchange heat between each other. These impartialitys apply to all systems. K is absolute zero temperature, where molecules do not move The equation of state for an pattern gas: PV = nRT; where n is the number of moles and R is the molar gas constant. A unfeigned gas molecule has a shape and a finite size, whereas an ideal gas molecule (imaginary) is a heading with no shape and it occupies no space. A authorized gas molecule interacts with others. An ideal gas molecule reacts substancely individual of all others. There are no ideal gas molecules, only real gas molecules. Howe ver, as pressure decreases and the temperature increases, real gas molecules act more like ideal gas molecules.Thermodynamic Processes: The expression for the work involved in a great deal change of a gas at constant pressure: P? V; where P is pressure and V is mass According to the fairness of conservation of energy, energy cannot be created or destroyed. Hence, the first practice of law of thermodynamics basically states that as a gas expands and gets hot, heat must have been added: Q = ? U + W; where ? U is the increase in internal energy, W is the work make by the gas and Q is the amount of heat added to a gas. Examples of changes of state of an ideal gas: Isobaric (Constant pressure capsule) • Isochoric/Isovolumetric (Constant volume increase in temperature) • Isothermal expansion • Adiabatic contraction The Second Law of Thermodynamics: The second law states that it is not possible to convert heat completely into work, implying that thermal energy canno t ad lib transfer from a region of pocket-size temperature to a region of high temperature. Hence, it is more or less the spreading out of energy. reciprocal ohm: • due south is used to quantify this second law. • Entropy is expressed by the equation: ?S = Q/T; where ? S is change in south and Q/T is the quantity of heat flow into a body at a certain temperature. It is measured in J/ K • The second law in terms of entropy changes states that in any thermodynamic process the total entropy always increases • Even though locally entropy may decrease, the total entropy of a system impart always increase. i. e. the stock in a fridge may get colder and the molecules manufacture more ordered, with entropy in the fridge decreasing; however the total entropy of the room will increase and the room will gain heat.\r\n'