Hegel And The National Heritage Essay Research free essay sample

Hegel And The National Heritage Essay, Research Paper In Hegel # 8217 ; s political theory the province is seen non merely as an instrument of legal power, but besides as the incarnation of a national heritage. Interestingly, theoreticians like Hobbes, Locke, and Bentham were able to speak of provinces and authorities as if they bore no relation to peculiar states. A citizen # 8217 ; s trueness is, in fact, rarely to the province as an establishment. Most people pledge and give their commitment to the state of their birth or acceptance regardless of the political system that state might hold. It is merely the exceeding individual who will discontinue his native land because he finds its exercising of political power intolerable: the huge bulk would happen the severance of national roots even more intolerable. A theory of political relations, hence, must admit that in most instances province and state are conjoined. It is the province which finally acts in the state # 8217 ; s name, and it draws on national sentiment as its primary be ginning of power. We will write a custom essay sample on Hegel And The National Heritage Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All provinces, no affair what institutional or ideological colourss they may have on, are obliged to pay respect to national traditions and national aspirations. Even supposedly cosmopolitan political orientations like fascism and communism must do grants to the curious national sentiments they encounter throughout the universe. On the other side of the coin, if a political motion makes a point of showing its loyal motivations, it may derive freedom of action to convey about of import institutional alterations under the pretense of heightening the national involvement. Hegel emphasizes the power of national trueness by speaking of the state as if it were an person. It is, he suggests, an being with an expressed life of its ain: Each peculiar National mastermind is to be treated as merely one person in the procedure of Universal History. For that history is the exhibition of the Godhead, absolute development of spirit in its highest signifiers # 8211 ; that step by which it attains its truth and consciousness of itself. The signifiers which these classs of advancement assume are the characteristic # 8220 ; National Spirits # 8221 ; of History ; the curious tenor of their moral life of their Government, their Art, Religion, and Sciences. The thought of a # 8220 ; national spirit # 8221 ; is a controversial 1. As a figure of address, one can state that America is generous, Germany is hardworking, and France is amative. But Hegel means a great trade more than this. First of wholly, he intends to state that # 8220 ; national spirit, # 8221 ; as it is found in each state, is existent. It is non a metaphor, nor is it merely a stenography device for doing a complicated point in a simple manner. The spirit or mastermind of a state is no less existent than the Idea of which it is an look. Furthermore, the national spirit is the best topographic point to detect the flowering of the Idea in the existent universe: the phases of development attained by a state # 8217 ; s art, faith, and scientific discipline are the clearest manifestation of its advancement through history. To talk of a state as if it were a individual is to demo that it has a capacity for uneasiness and growing: work forces and states both stand in built-i n relation to the Idea, and they participate in its workings through the dialectic. In the Doctrine of Right, and in far greater item in the Introduction to the Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, Hegel argues that the web of governmental establishments of the province # 8211 ; its fundamental law # 8211 ; is typically a merchandise of history and expresses the civilization of a peculiar state # 8211 ; its values, spiritual beliefs, positions about the universe, traditions and imposts. That civilization, or # 8220 ; spirit # 8221 ; , of the state permeates besides the human dealingss and gives the whole integrity and coherence. The values of the national community and the operation of its cardinal authorities are linked together through mediating establishments, such as corporations, estates and the representative system, which guarantee that the activities of the authorities loosely express the basic ideals and involvements of groups within the community or its single members. If such interceding links do non be or discontinue to execute their proper map the state or its of import subdivisions become alienated from the authorities and the unity or independency of the political community is jeopardized. The fundamental law is therefore the mechanism which in pattern ensures the individuality of the national spirit with the attitudes and actions of the battalion of groups and persons consisting a state. In this regard Hegel believed that the modern monarchial province of his clip had an advantage over earlier political communities because it linked the person to the community in an organized institutionalised manner while, for illustration, the ancient democracies relied chiefly on non-institutional factors ( i.e. , sentiment, character and instruction ) . Hegel # 8217 ; s construct of nationhood, unlike that of the modern-day German Romantics, is therefore to a great extent political in nature. Pure civilization or common cultural and lingual features are non, in his position, sufficient by themselves to weld a big human group into a state and to supply a steadfast focal point of trueness ; merely the ownership of a common authorities and the tradition of political integrity can ma ke so. This subject is peculiarly strongly stressed in the first of Hegel # 8217 ; s political Hagiographas, on the fundamental law of the German Empire. A state, so, is an institutional composite and it is besides an thought. # 8220 ; It is a Spirit holding purely defined features, which erects itself into an nonsubjective universe, that exists and persists in a peculiar spiritual signifier of worship, imposts, fundamental law, and political Torahs # 8211 ; in the whole composite of its establishments # 8211 ; in the events and minutess that make up its history, # 8221 ; Hegel says. # 8220 ; That is its work # 8211 ; that is what this peculiar State is. States are what their workss are. # 8221 ; Nations and national sentiment are existent. At the current phase of historical development the nation-state is the political look of the Idea. Some may reason that patriotism is outmoded: that it may one time hold served its intent, but that an international spirit is now needed if the universe is to last in peace. We see this in the addresss of President Clinton, and from many foreign leaders the universe over. Hegel does non expect such an statement, nor does he -offer a direct answer to it. What he does seek to make is to demo how a sense of nationhood has a rational footing in the political life. Work forces are everlastingly in hunt of individuality. The job concerned both Rousseau and Burke: one offered for an reply the democratic community ; the other # 8217 ; s solution was a graded society. In each of these every citizen would hold an acknowledged topographic point, and all could experience themselves to be built-in parts of an organic whole. Rousseau called for active engagement in a little and homogeneous community puting. Burke asked that the categories and order of society be fixed by tradition and preserved by usage. Both of these prescriptions, nevertheless, are badly suited to the existent universe that Hegel sees. Work force can non keep the blue societal form in the face of historical advancement. The tendency, on the contrary, is for greater societal mobility and a dislocation of the ancient establishments on which Burke relied. Identity can no longer be found in the traditional category ranks of an earlier age: work forces move excessively quickly and develop aspirations which transcend the Stationss they one time accepted without inquiry. Nor is Rousseau # 8217 ; s image of hardy provincials under an oak a feasible solution in an age when great nation-states are the chief political units. There is no returning to authorities by town meeting and direct democracy. While Hegel is prepared to utilize, in the Idea, a construct similar to the General Will, he finds Rousseau # 8217 ; s institutional agreement inadequate. Our epoch is the epoch of the big nation-state, and it is best to do the most of this state of affairs. Personal individuality, Hegel says, can be found by accepting the state as a fact. Once this is done, so national citizenship can leave to work forces the feeling of designation they continually seek: The State, its Torahs, its agreement, constitute the rights of its members ; its natural characteristics, its mountains, air, and H2O, are their state, their homeland, their outward stuff belongings ; the history of this province, their workss ; what their ascendants have produced, belongs to them and lives in their memory. All is their ownership, merely as they are possessed by it ; for it constitutes their being, their being # 8230 ; . It is this full-blown entirety which constitutes One Being, the spirit of One People. To it the single members belong ; each unit is the Son of his Nation # 8230 ; .The relation of the person to that spirit is that he appropriates to himself this significant being ; that it becomes his character and capableness, enabling him to hold a definite topographic point in the universe # 8211 ; to be something. For he finds the being of the people to which he belongs an already established, house universe # 8211 ; objectively present to him # 8211 ; with which he has to integrate himself. the designation of a citizen with his state takes assorted signifiers. If the German wears his love of Fatherland on his arm, the Dane or the Norse tends to expose his fondness in a mode which is more hushed. But all work forces need such a feeling of individuality. And because other truenesss are unequal to this undertaking, engagement in the national spirit comes to play an indispensable function in work forces # 8217 ; s lives. The desire to be something can be filled if a adult male can state, # 8220 ; I am an American, # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; I am a Canadian. # 8221 ; to be certain, work forces have other commitments: spiritual, regional, economic, and so forth. But these are once more and once more seen to be low-level in character. Work force are born into a state: # 8220 ; an already established, house world. # 8221 ; That so many work forces will contend and decease for it, their state right or incorrect, is overmastering grounds that this is their ultimate trueness. Ple as that international fond regards # 8211 ; to religious or political motions # 8211 ; be given higher precedence in the concluding analysis autumn on deaf ears. Work force may be Roman Catholic or Socialists, but they are besides Frenchmen or Chinese. They will subordinate and transform their faith and political relations so as to be harmonic with their national sentiments. International motions which are successful understand these jussive moods, and they allow such accommodations to be made. There are ever exceeding persons who can populate as work forces without a states. But for all who claim such independency, when a echt trial of trueness comes, merely a few are willing to move on it. Hegel # 8217 ; s theory applies to the huge bulk: the ordinary citizens who derive a sense of affinity, self-esteem, and belonging from their national citizenship. The political relations of patriotism, Hegel would hold, are irrational. But history has placed us in the age of patriotism, and the craft of ground bends national sentiment in progressive waies. It may even force war and devastation, and so convey in a new epoch of international peace and planetary trueness ; but Hegel does non venture such guess, and he contends himself with analysing what he sees. However, the really thought of patriotism is a funny one even on Hegel # 8217 ; s ain footings. Loyalty to a little and homogeneous community, as expressed by Plato and Rousseau is apprehensible and plausible. Each member knows his fellow citizens, and each can understand the workings of the political proce US Secret Service at first manus. And if Buke’s society is larger, each single nevertheless lives in a fixed category or order where he excessively understands his function in the political life. The modern nation-state is non merely big, but the experience of its growing weakens the truenesss to lesser associations. A society which was one time comprised of a plurality of traditional groups is bit by bit transformed into a mass of persons. This was Burke’s great fright, and it underlays his review of liberalism. Hegel seeks to avoid the harm which a mass society inflicts on the single personality by promoting a sense of national trueness in all who reside inside the territorial boundaries. This will give the feeling of individuality and belonging which the nation-state itself was so instrumental in interrupting down. Loyalty is non to a category or a vicinity, because these ties are no longer meaningful, but is now to the state as a whole. The job is that many 1000000s of work forces do non represent a community in the traditional sense: Plato and Rousseau knew this and they intentionally imposed conditions holding to make with size. A modern nation-state is merely excessively big for its members to cognize one another on a personal footing. And, what is more of import, it is impossible for citizens to take part in # 8211 ; or even understand # 8211 ; the devising of Torahs and the disposal of justness. The larger a society is, the more persons must derive their image of political world at 2nd or 3rd manus: leaders must originate to inform them about the demands of the state and to teach the ordinary citizens on their functions in procuring national ends. The spirit of patriotism can ensue in strong truenesss to the province, but these truenesss are rendered to an establishment which the citizen sees at a distance and which he knows merely through the studies of others. For this ground the perceptual experience of po litical world can be a deformed 1: the mean adult male must trust on the information which is given to him, and these communications may be manipulated in order that peculiar terminals will be achieved. And if each citizen # 8217 ; s trueness is chiefly to the state or province, instead than to lesser associations in society, so the population becomes all the more dependent on strong and centralised leading. In short, the national tie is the lone which remains: if it is non exploited, so the organic structure of citizens will organize a disconnected and adrift mass. Yet if the spirit of patriotism is invoked and used as a solidifying instrument there is the possibility that an easy led population will be mobilized for intents of war and aggression. Most political theoreticians have no little frights of a mass society and leading which plays on irrational sentiments. Yet the solutions offered are infeasible: Rousseau # 8217 ; s little community of hardy provincials and Burke # 8217 ; s stratified society of orders and categories both lie in the yesteryear instead than the hereafter. The big nation-state to which other societal establishments are subordinated is the form at present. Hegel realizes that the development of nationalist sentiment carries hazards: he is non incognizant of the fact that patriotism can be a destructive every bit good as a constructive force in work forces # 8217 ; s lives. In his treatment of political establishments he searches for ways and agencies of controling the surpluss of political unreason. The job is to acce pt the being of the national spirit, to impart it, and to tackle its energy. Whether this enormous agitation, one time unleashed, can be kept under control is one of the great political challenges of our times. Modern adult male must possess a sense of national individuality if he is to hold that minimal security which makes life endurable. Yet to trust on the spirit of patriotism is to play with fire: at one minute it gives a comfy heat ; and at another it destroys all it touches. The rise and autumn of states is the form of political history. A province is carry throughing its appointed function when it displays a sense of way and mission. All states are born in war or revolution: they all emerge from the battle between thesis and antithesis. As the convulsion and shouting dies, as the exigency synthesis consolidate its additions into a new thesis, the province may get down to rest on its awards. The contradictions between its possible, subjective being # 8211 ; its inner purpose and life # 8211 ; and its existent being is removed ; it has attained full world, has itself objectively present to it. But this holding been attained, the activity displayed by the spirit of the people in inquiry is no longer needed ; it has its desire. The State can still carry through much in war and peace at place and abroad ; but the life significant psyche itself may be said to hold ceased its activity. The indispensable, supreme involvement has accordingly vanished from its life, for involvement is present merely where there is resistance. Merely as Hegel showed a penchant for the stormy Hero, so he shows a fondness for the disruptive state. The radical era, when the national potency flowers into actuality, is when the spirit of the people is at its finest hr. At that minute citizens are infused with their national character and they are at one with the spirit which embraces themselves and their fellow countrymen. Once the revolution has been consolidated, nevertheless, decay begins about unnoticeably to put in. New wonts and imposts mingle those which survived the battle, and a tranquillity settles over the land. Men go content with what they have, and they begin to take their national individuality for granted. They may still be militarily strong and materially comfortable, but they look rearward to their heritage instead than foreword to their fate. Coevalss may travel by without challenge to the predominating order: if an antithesis is turning, which it has to be, it is developing easy and unnoticed by a slumberous population. The great enemy of national advancement, Hegel says, is custom. While St. Thomas and Burke welcomed settled forms of societal intercourse, Hegel sees them as marks that a society is played out. Work force and states who live by usage are, although they do non recognize it, already relics of the yesteryear. Custom is activity without resistance, for which there remains merely a formal continuance ; in which the fulness ( sic ) and zest which originally characterized the purpose of life are out of the inquiry # 8211 ; a simply external sensuous being which has ceased to throw itself enthusiastically into its object. Therefore perish persons, therefore perish peoples by a natural decease ; and though the latter may go on in being, it is an being without mind or verve ; holding no demand of its establishments, because the demand for them is satisfied # 8211 ; a political nothingness and boredom. Boredom and decease are the eventual destiny of all states. Some, by their energy and good luck, will hold a longer life than others, but all are capable to the Torahs of the dialectic. Custom does non dispute itself: it is opposed by forces outside the consensus. Internal radical motions or external attackers will convey down a province which no longer has the will to last. The people and the district are consumed in the dialectical attack of a new political force. There may be decease, but at that place will neer be entire devastation. The vanquished will convey a part of their civilisation and imposts to the masters and in so making works the seeds of a new decay. Ideas and establishments carry on from era to epoch: states live and die, but the dialectic counts its losingss and moves on. The decease of states can be a mortal blow to the citizens who depend on the verve of the national spirit. If a state ceases to move with passion and energy, if its enthusiasm for a national mission ebbs over clip, so it is robbing its countrymen of the will to be which they so stand in demand of. If a state is dispirited, so the work forces will neglect to lift to the common defence ; or they may even emigrate to another dirt. In either instance, the toll will be a heavy 1 for the dejected and uprooted. The lone solution, Hegel says, is that a new national spirit must lift from the rotten ruins of the old. In order that a genuinely cosmopolitan involvement may originate, the spirit of a People must progress to the acceptance of some new intent ; but whence can this new intent originate? It would be a higher, more comprehensive construct of itself # 8211 ; a transcending of its rule # 8211 ; but this really act would affect a rule of a new order, a new National Spirit. This, of class, is easier said than done. It is clear that states such as Sweden and Spain will neer once more rise to the highs of national magnificence they one time knew. Yet a state like Germany, after black licking in 1918 and disking rising prices in the 1920 # 8217 ; s, was able to follow a new sense of intent and a new construct of order under a new government in the 1930 # 8217 ; s, and they managed to carry through it once more following their licking in the 1940 # 8217 ; s. The metempsychosis of national spirit may take non a decennary but many centuries. Both Egypt and China, after more than a thousand old ages on the out of boundss of history, have become national forces to be reckoned with. In the instance of China a new mission # 8211 ; # 8220 ; Marxism # 8221 ; has conjoined with emerging national power. Hegel, who opens his Doctrine of History with a description of the past glorifications of the Oriental universe, would likely clap the new spirit of the Chinese people as their state progresss to the acceptance of a new sense of intent. Hegel # 8217 ; s theory is a extremist one: it welcomes alteration and it sees struggle as the necessary status of advancement. The Hero and the nation-state, both instruments of energy and activity, are the cardinal histrions on his phase. So long as they are in gesture and non at rest, they are conveying to human political relations the rules inherent in the Idea. At the same clip, the theory has the visual aspect of a conservative statement: it endows with moral authorization the political conditions which exist at any given point and clip. Work force and states are non called upon to take between two alternate waies of action, because it is assumed that they will prosecute their irrational and self-interested ways despite the exhortations addressed to them. Yet if Hegel is a conservative, he is a conservative with a difference. While he applauds power and authorization, they may inhere in a radical motion no less than in an established province. There is no jubilation of usage and wont, and the Heroes who are extolled are non noted for their wisdom or virtuousness. Furthermore, the dialectic itself defies the premiss that there can be such a thing as a position quo: there is merely constant alteration, although it may be at work deep beneath the surface. In the concluding analysis, Hegel # 8217 ; s theory is extremist or conservative depending the utilizations to which it is put: on the clip and topographic point at which it is applied, and on the state of affairs of the work forces who are wont to raise it. In this instance, nevertheless, it is ideology instead than political theory: a rationalisation for national power which seeks to turn more powerful or for inchoate power which claims to stand for a new political order. G.W.F. Hegel, Philosophy of History ( Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1991 ) , translated by J. Sibree, p.53. Ibid. , p.74 Ibid. , pp. 52, 74. Ibid. , p.74. Ibid. , pp.74-75. Ibid. , p.75. 346

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In The Puritan Dilemma we discover Edmund S. Morgan’s views of what Puritanism is and how John Winthrop dealt with the dilemma of being a puritan. Morgan describes that â€Å"Puritanism required that a man devote his life to seeking salvation but told him he was helpless to do anything but evil. Puritanism required that he rest his whole hope in Christ but taught him that Christ would utterly reject him unless before he was born God had foreordained his salvation. Puritanism required that man refrain from sin but told him he would sin anyhow. Puritanism required that he reform the world in he image of God’s holy kingdom but taught him that evil of the world was incurable and inevitable. Puritanism required that he work to the best of his ability at whatever task was set before him and partake of good things that God had filled the world with, but told him he must enjoy his work and his pleasures only, as it were absentmindedly, with his attention fixed on God.â⠂¬  (Morgan p5.) ! Morgan continues to describes a puritan’s belief as â€Å"existing by virtue of a covenant with God, an agreement whereby they promised to abide by His laws, and He in turn agreed to treat them well† (p15.) John Winthrop caught the fever of Puritanism at college and for him the dilemma of living in the world without taking his mind off God was the hardest for him. Winthrop would have much rather been a monk or hermit, but that was not permitted Puritans must live in the world not leaving it. In Winthrop’s life he faces many dilemma’s which all have to do with the problem of living in the world without leaving it. The major dilemma’s are if Winthrop should leave England to go to the New World with the Massachusetts Bay Company and the problem of separatism and dissent in Massachusetts. Winthrop is first faced the problem of leaving England. Winthrop is offered to go to the New World with the Massachusetts Bay Company as a governor. Wint... Free Essays on The Puritan Dilemma Free Essays on The Puritan Dilemma In The Puritan Dilemma we discover Edmund S. Morgan’s views of what Puritanism is and how John Winthrop dealt with the dilemma of being a puritan. Morgan describes that â€Å"Puritanism required that a man devote his life to seeking salvation but told him he was helpless to do anything but evil. Puritanism required that he rest his whole hope in Christ but taught him that Christ would utterly reject him unless before he was born God had foreordained his salvation. Puritanism required that man refrain from sin but told him he would sin anyhow. Puritanism required that he reform the world in he image of God’s holy kingdom but taught him that evil of the world was incurable and inevitable. Puritanism required that he work to the best of his ability at whatever task was set before him and partake of good things that God had filled the world with, but told him he must enjoy his work and his pleasures only, as it were absentmindedly, with his attention fixed on God.â⠂¬  (Morgan p5.) ! Morgan continues to describes a puritan’s belief as â€Å"existing by virtue of a covenant with God, an agreement whereby they promised to abide by His laws, and He in turn agreed to treat them well† (p15.) John Winthrop caught the fever of Puritanism at college and for him the dilemma of living in the world without taking his mind off God was the hardest for him. Winthrop would have much rather been a monk or hermit, but that was not permitted Puritans must live in the world not leaving it. In Winthrop’s life he faces many dilemma’s which all have to do with the problem of living in the world without leaving it. The major dilemma’s are if Winthrop should leave England to go to the New World with the Massachusetts Bay Company and the problem of separatism and dissent in Massachusetts. Winthrop is first faced the problem of leaving England. Winthrop is offered to go to the New World with the Massachusetts Bay Company as a governor. Wint...

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Use of Technology in Forensic Accounting Investigation - Essay Example Use of Technology in Forensic Accounting Investigation A forensic investigation is normally undertaken so as to solve both criminal and civil cases in a court of law. The cases that are solved involve fraud, tracing of stolen assets and money that has been laundered. The objects collected during an investigation act as forms of evidence as to what really transpired before and after the incident happens. Forensic accountants gather evidence that is used in carrying out investigations of financial crimes that may take time and effort to compile and complete in the appropriate way. They are expected to follow rules that should be applied in the local courts as per the stipulated policies and principles that govern the exercise. An accident refers to an event or a sequence that occurs as a result of careless driving and unintentional circustamances while crime is an event that violates a policy. The proof that the accident occurred is shown by provision of evidence of event. The role played by technology in carrying forensic investigation involves improving the criminal investigation process so as to ease the work of the police of tracking all types of persons who may be violating the law. The businessmen as well as the police benefit from using information technology because enables them carry out their businesses in the right way and also trap criminals who are a threat to their lives and businesses. (Kanellis, 2006:20). The criminal records and suspect information are normally computerized therefore any investigator in any part of a country can access information that is relevant to conduct an investigation concerning any suspected criminal. Computer files are searched according to the investigators desires since relevant information can be found within the computerized system. Computer models are important information technology facilities that assist a designer in testing designs through using many conditional systems that have been stipulated within an act. Artificial intelligence is a program that is used by the police in obtaining pictures, age and determining predictions so as to point out areas where there may be crime. Cyberspace enables the police to track and trap criminals who frequently steal individual's property while at their residential areas. This technology is also used in trapping vehicles that have been carjacked since the computer has mechanism that shows the routes taken by a driver during and after the vehicle has been stolen, hence the vehicles can be traced with ease. Technology products and their usefulness in carrying out forensic investigation The use of technological appliances such as the DNA_on-a-chip helps the forensic practitioners to move fast to the scene of incident so as to carry out an investigation on the cause and effect of the criminal activity. The importance of using this type of facility is that it helps to create awareness concerning the strategic factors that are necessary when carrying out an investigation in the police force. It also helps in enlightening the forensic science providers, government and the higher education personnel thus giving them the necessary insight to fight crime (Kanellis, 2006:20). Digital forensics is a facility that is used in assisting people in carrying out investigation processes that are based on following the physical crime scene procedures. Investigations are carried out through preserving a system and searching for the digital events that took place at the scene of an incident or accident. The

What Constitutes a Healthy Person?

What Constitutes a Healthy Person? This chapter focuses on the features of a healthy physical constitution of a person, definitions of sleep, as well as key concepts associated with disease management such as etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, prognosis, and management of atisthula. Some key etiological factors of atisthula include dietary lifestyle indicators (e.g., sedentary habit and high-calorie diet), and genetic and hereditary factors. This chapter also describes the pathogenesis of atisthula in detail, involving rasa (plasma) and meda (adipose tissue) as important dushyas (affected tissues). The significance of meda (adipose tissue) as the principal dushya has been recently confirmed in modern medicine where the central obesity and dyslipidemia are being considered as the main components of the basic matrix of this disease and its related disorders. [1,2,3] The recent concept of metabolic syndrome was already recognized in Ayurveda. Biomedical science points that overweight individuals experience greatly elevated morbidity and mortality from various ailments including cardiovascular diseases. 4,5 Obesity research is focused on preventive measures and management of complications like prediabetes, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia/sudden death. [6] In the modern world, obesity has emerged as a serious health issue in both developed and developing nations and is recognized as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. In 2008 the WHO estimated that globally, at least 500 million adults (or approximately 1 in 10 adults) are obese, with higher rates among women than men. Obesity is the reason for about 80% of type 2 diabetes, about 70% of cardiovascular diseases, and 42% of breast and colon cancers today. In the past two decades, the number of overweight children and adolescents has doubled. [7] The rate of obesity also increases with age at least up to 50 or 60 years old. Once considered a problem specific to only high-income countries, obesity has acquired pandemic proportions and is affecting people globally [8,9] Most researchers agree that once it is established in the body, obesity mostly takes an incurable course and continues to develop many progressive complications a fact that was already acknowledged in Ayurveda. [10] Any course of treatment for obesity suggested by modern medical practitioners primarily includes dietary changes and physical exercise followed by anti-obesity drugs that help reduce appetite or inhibit fat absorption. In severe cases, various invasive and non-invasive surgical procedures could be prescribed such as partial gastrectomy, gastric bypass, banding, gastric balloons, etc.[11]   However, Ayurvedas approach to weight management is very different in that it does not recommend pills or surgeries for inducing drastic weight-loss. Instead, Ayurveda advocates dietary restrictions according to the Prakriti (predisposition or temperament of the patient), moderate exercise, practice of yogÄ sanas and pranayama, besides certain ayurvedic medications and b io-purificatory measures for its management [12] The etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and consequences of extreme leanness (atikrisha), as an outcome of rasakshaya (decrease of rasa), medokshaya (decrease of meda) and mamsakshaya (decrease of mamsa) have also been described in this chapter. The two basic approaches for management of atikrisha and atisthula are augmentation (brimhana) and depletion (karshana) of body tissues respectively. Various drug and non-drug modalities have been suggested for the replenishment of dhatus and their nourishment to attain good health.   In this regard, Rasayana drugs of Ayurveda help balance hormones, promote essential nutrition and enhance immunity to atisthula and atikrisha respectively. As mentioned earlier, this chapter also emphasizes the role of good Nidra (sleep) in maintaining a healthy life. In fact, as per Ayurveda, after Ahara (diet), Nidra is one of the three sub-pillars of life (trayopastambha) and has a significant place in preventive medicine because normal sleep hel ps prevent diseases and unwholesome sleep may lead to fatal diseases. In Ayurveda, Nidra is considered a brimhana (nourishing) agent that promotes physical mental health and enhances immunity.

Women at Work

Assignment: Article summary The article â€Å"Family Coping Strategies: Balancing Paid Employment and Domestic Labour† by Meg Luxton sheds a different view on the responsibilities laid out in family life. In today's society it's almost a necessity to have both parents working, to support a family. This fact, along with the improvement of females having independence, is the cause of the ever growing number of working women. These, along with many other statistics are showing the rapid improvement and change that woman and families are showing. Year after year we can see the dynamics of the family shifting.It is not the same anymore, that women are the housewives doing all the housework and childcare. However women still have to work to get the equality, and not have to face â€Å"The second shift† once they get home. Husbands need to start stepping up and help out. Workplaces too need to step up, in the sense that they need to try and create better working environments f or women. Unions have been formed to try to perfect benefits, and to shed light on the negative aspects they may have. This whole article shows an interesting view on family coping strategies, and gives lots for people to think about.Society's gender roles are changing significantly with the rise in the amount of women who are contributing to the yearly income of their household's. It has been proven that because women are starting to contribute to household incomes it has resulted in increased satisfaction between husbands and wives and excuses from males such as â€Å"I'm the one bringing home the money, I deserve to rest when I get home† are becoming less valid. A statistics Canada survey in 1995 stated that 64% of women who worked said it was essential for their happiness and 55% agreed that it was the best way to be independent.Females at work who are married no longer have to depend on their husbands for their needs because they are able to provide them on their own. Un like the many women who stay with their spouse in an unhappy or abusive relationship due to the resource theory which is a theory that explains how women will not leave in fear that if they do they will not be able to support themselves, most working women with a stable job will easily find the strength to leave because they are more independent.Having a job gives women a sense of control of their lives and an overall high self-esteem because they are recognized by their husbands as well as children for their work. Not only does it give women something to do, it also ensures stability in one's family income. Here are a few statistics that demonstrate the challenge of balancing paid employment and domestic labor within the family setting in Canada. This challenge arises because of the inequalities between what men and women earn in the work force and also because of the uneven distribution of chores in unpaid domestic labor.If we compare salaries in 1997, men had the higher income of the couple in 77% of Canadian families. (Globe and Mail 21 Feb. 2000). This situation has however improved since the early 60's when 70% of women in male-female couples were dependent on their spouse as the sole income provider. (Oderkirk, Silver and Prud'homme 1994. ) Also when couples divorced men's incomes raised on average 10% whereas women's income usually decreased by 23% in 1997(Toronto Star 10 April 1997).Women feel pressured to work from home or part-time because they are often expected to do most of the domestic labour and this is their way to balance the two. In 1993 they represented nearly 70% of Canadian part-time workers (Ghalam 1993). On sharing of domestic labour front, are still generally the ones to do the bulk of it although men have been more active in this part of family life since the 70's. Women are involved the most in childcare. In 1998, 80 percent of women spent more than 15 hours on childcare compared to only 49% of men (Statistics Canada 1998a).These sta tistics show some improvement in the overall equality between the work load divided between men and women in families. However women are still usually found in a position of disadvantage compared to men. The fact that women have joined the work force doesn’t seem to have impacted the way man act at home. Even though there have been many chances throughout the years on how women are seen in society and there role it, there hasn’t been much change when it comes to domestic labour. It is still very sex segregated.In the past adult man were those had the primary responsibility of earning the income for the family while the role for an adult woman was to act as the housewives whose primary responsibility was running the family home, having children and caring for its members. Yet now that women share the responsibility of bringing in the income, the logic would that man also help around the house but instead what is now happening is that women find themselves carrying out t he â€Å"double shift†, where they go to work in the morning and then they go home to cook, lean, get the kids to bed and have their things prepared for next day. Due to this inequality of household work between men and women, women find themselves at a disadvantage because they have to learn to balance both domestic labour and paid work, which results in them not putting as much effort in their job as they could, therefore they do not reach their best potential which results in lack of opportunities for them. Some workplace calls their work â€Å"family friendly†.What this means for them is: women can come at work a bit earlier and leave earlier. A few women have struggled to make workplaces more cooperative for their person lives. They have fought for maternity, parental, etc. in order to take care of their love ones. â€Å"Family friendly† workplace as well includes women taking their specific amount of â€Å"sickness days† (allowed days off) to go tak e care of their family and once those days ended, therefore will unpaid for additional days taken.Some will have three weeks off to taking care of their hospitalized husband but will be paid only one week. They are basically losing 66. 7% of their paycheck due that. Those women will have to leave their husband at home to take care of themselves and will have to go back to work due to the time allowed was only three weeks. What the employers do not know is the fact they become anxious therefore difficult to focus at work. Most workplace relies on women workers who are experienced or more skilled because it is hard to replace them.Therefore, those women are more advantaged to have more privilege than others. The time you have off at work it is very limited that women will have to sacrifice in order to balance family and paid work. Employers do not understand or ignores the fact that those women have family and the time (days off allowed) given is insufficient for them. In conclusion n owadays it’s harder to survive with only one income so both men and women have to bring an income to be able to accommodate to today’s needs.A job for women brings a sense of control to their life and independence. Although employers have given benefits to women such as maternity leave which is great because women don’t have to worry about since they will have an income coming while caring for their newborn , yet these benefits that employers give them can sometimes be seen as superficial because they know that women tend to need to leave work more often than men ( because they take care of the family) employers are most likely going to ive promotion to men or hiring men for the more important position witch leaves women in what is known as the glass ceiling where their chances of going up in their career is reduced . Women don’t only face inequality at work but they also face it at home where domestic labour is still sex segregation and women come home t o the second shift where they are expected to take care of household work. We all need to realize that women are both important in the workforce and for the childrearing therefore we should encourage them to keep doing both by giving them the proper support that they deserve.

Dunkirk Was a Miracle of Deliverance Essay

From the 27th of May to the 4th of June, there were the nine days of evacuation of British, French, Belgian and Dutch soldiers alike. They were trapped in the small town of Dunkirk due to the port that was there. After waiting for days, the majority were eventually rescued by a combination of naval vessels and civilian boats as well as fishing boats and ferries. It is regarded as a great victory for the British as it saved many lives although a military victory for the Germans. I agree with the quotation above that â€Å"Dunkirk was a miracle of deliverance† because of the overwhelming evidence of the pros of the operation (codenamed Operation Dynamo). The first pro of the evacuation was that 338,226 soldiers were rescued in the operation itself. Much of the British expeditionary force (BEF) was also rescued as well as 139,997 French soldiers. The German causalities were also very high with 27,074 killed and 111,034 wounded soldiers. Although there were many material losses, the morale of the British was raised after the evacuation of Dunkirk, as they felt that they were helping in the war effort and that even though many had died, many lived to â€Å"fight another day†. Another pro is that after Dunkirk the Americans were more motivated to enter the war and help the allies. On the other hand I disagree with this quotation because even with the rescuing of 338,226 men, another 68,000 British soldiers were killed and 290,000 French soldiers. Nearly all of Britain’s tanks, planes, naval vessels, small arms and motor vehicles were either damaged or left behind on the beaches of France. Another point for the cons is that many civilians were injured and killed whilst trying to rescue the soldiers stranded on the beaches. All in all Dunkirk was one of the greatest military victories for the Germans due to the massive loss of British soldiers and military resources. To conclude, although this was a great military victory for the Germans, it was also a great help in raising the hope of the British population. In short I agree with the quotation above because of the points stated above as well as the fact that if Dunkirk had failed in the slightest for the British then Churchill would have probably signed a peace treaty with Hitler, allowing the Germans to win the war. In the long-term, Dunkirk was a great victory for the British although it was a very big defeat in the short-term as much military strength was lost.

Set up Your Elementary School Classroom for the First Day of School

Set up Your Elementary School Classroom for the First Day of School With the start of each school year, teachers get a fresh chance to arrange their classrooms for a new group of students. Every choice you make sends a message to your students, their parents, and anyone who visits your classroom. Through furniture, books, learning stations, and even desk placement, you communicate the values and priorities of your class. Follow these steps to deliberately maximize the organization and efficiency of your classroom set-up. What You Need Classroom furniture (desks, chairs, bookshelves, etc.)Textbooks and reading books for the class libraryPosterboard for sharing class rules and other key informationAn alphabet/handwriting poster for easy student referenceMaterials for decorating bulletin boards (butcher paper, die cut letters, etc.)School supplies (paper, pencils, dry erase markers, erasers, scissors, and more)Optional: Computers,  class pets,  plants, games 1. Decide How to Place Student Desks If you are going to emphasize cooperative learning on a daily basis, youll probably want to move the student desks into clusters for easy discussion and collaboration. If you want to minimize distractions and chatting, consider separating each desk from the one next to it, leaving a little buffer space to discourage misbehavior. You could also place the desks in rows or semi-circles. Whatever you choose, work with the room and materials you have, leaving plenty of aisle space for you and the students to move around with ease. 2. Strategically Place the Teachers Desk Some teachers use their desks as a central command station, while others use it primarily as a paper pile repository and rarely sit down to work there. Depending on how your desk functions as part of your teaching style, choose a spot where your desk will meet your needs. If its very messy, consider placing it in a less conspicuous spot. 3. Determine What Belongs up Front Since students spend most of their days facing the front of the classroom, be very deliberate about what you place on the walls up front. Perhaps you want to emphasize discipline by placing the class rules on a prominent bulletin board. Or maybe theres a daily learning activity that requires easy-to-view space that all students can see. Make this prime time space engaging, but not distracting. After all, all eyes should be on you, not necessarily a colorful explosion of words and images that distract from the core instruction at hand. 4. Organize Your Class Library Just like a public library, your classroom book collection should be organized in a logical manner that will be easy for the students to maintain throughout the school year. This could mean sorting the books by genre, reading level, alphabetical order, or other criteria. Labeled plastic bins work well for this. Also consider providing a little comfortable reading space for students to lounge with their books during silent reading time. This could mean some inviting bean bag chairs or a dedicated reading rug. 5. Set Aside Space for Your Discipline Plan Its wise to post your class rules in a prominent spot for all to see each day of the school year. That way, theres no opportunity for argument, miscommunication, or ambiguity. If you have a sign-in book or flip chart for rule offenders, set up a station for this activity. Ideally it should be in an out-of-the-way spot where curious student eyes cant easily stare as a rule-breaking student signs in, flips the card, or otherwise does his or her penance. 6. Plan for Student Needs   Make sure basic school supplies are strategically placed for easy student access. This may include various types of writing paper, sharpened pencils, markers, erasers, calculators, rulers, scissors, and glue. Organize these materials in one clearly-delineated part of the classroom. 7. Define the Role Technology Plays in Your Classroom Placement of your computer center communicates the role technology plays in your teaching. If you aim for a more traditional approach to instruction with technology as an occasional compliment, the computers likely belong in the back of the room or a cozy corner. If you integrate technology into most of the lessons, you might want to mix the computers in throughout the room so theyre easily accessible. This is a personal choice based on your beliefs about teaching in the 21st Century in combination with how available technology is on your campus. 8. Express Yourself Through Bulletin Boards Almost every elementary school classroom has bulletin boards on the walls, requiring themes, displays, and regular rotation. Consider designating one or two bulletin boards as seasonal, and thus focus on keeping those boards timely and relevant to current holidays, instructional units, or class activities. Make it easy on yourself by keeping the majority of the bulletin boards evergreen and constant throughout the school year. 9. Sprinkle in Some Fun Stuff Elementary school is primarily about learning, for sure. But its also a time for fun personal touches that your students will remember for a lifetime. Think about having a class pet and make space for cages, food, and other required materials. If a pets not your style, place a few houseplants around the room to add life and a touch of nature. Make a game center for educational activities that students can use when finished with their work. Pop a couple personal photos from home on your desk to express your interests and personality. A little bit of fun goes a long way. 10. Minimize Clutter and Maximize Functionality Before your new students (and their parents) enter the classroom on the first day of school, take a look around your classroom with fresh eyes. Are there any little piles that could be put into a cupboard to tidy up? Does each part of the room serve a clear, functional purpose? What messages are you sending with your classrooms overall appearance at first glance? Make tweaks as necessary. Check out your colleagues classrooms Visit the classrooms of other teachers on your campus for ideas and inspiration. Talk to them about why they made certain organizational decisions. Learn from their mistakes, and dont be shy about copying any brilliant ideas that will work with your teaching style and resources. Similarly, dont feel pressured to adopt any aspects that arent a good fit for your personality or approach. As a gesture of gratitude, share a few of your own best tips with your colleagues. We all learn from each other in this profession. Strike the right balance An elementary school classroom should be engaging, colorful, and expressive. However, dont go overboard and end up more towards the overstimulating end of the spectrum. Your classroom should project a sense of calm, organization, and positive energy, as well as a seriousness about learning. If you gaze around your room and feel overwhelmed by too much color or too many focal points, your students will feel scattered, too. Find a balance between chaotic and stark. Aim for cheery, but focused. Your students will feel the difference each day they walk into the room. Dont be afraid to make changes at any time Once your school year gets underway, you may find that certain aspects of your classroom set-up arent working quite the way you initially envisioned. No worries! Just eliminate any parts that now seem obsolete. Add in the new functionalities you now know you need. Briefly introduce the changes to your students, if necessary. Every so often, reevaluate with a practical, flexible attitude, and your classroom will be a vibrant, organized place for learning all year long.

Class Discussion 6 Example

Class Discussion 6 Example Class Discussion 6 – Coursework Example Discussion 6 The interpretation by Nietzsche on his personal views about Christianity as a â€Å"slave morality† is very true. As such, it is very clear that the concept of Christianity simply keeps the week in check whilst empowering the upper classes to continue enriching and benefiting themselves in the name of religion. This therefore creates and reinforces class division as the upper class separates completely from the lower class. He claims that the motive of Christianity is to appeal to the disenfranchised in the society, whereas what it actually does is to empower the wealthy in the community. For instance, Christianity inspires the poor people within the congregation to look to the next life for success and prosperity and in return, ignore the current worldly one. This perspective leaves them passive and non-political. On the contrary, those who are rich in spirit, especially the Christian leaders such as pastors, reverends, prophets and other renowned men of God, man ipulate Christianity to amass a lot of wealth for themselves through offerings, tithes, and other gifts offered by the congregation to the church. While the rich leaders continually enrich themselves, the poor members of the church continue to live in suffering and poverty with the hope of going to heaven where they would lead a rich happier life. Truth be told heaven only exists in the mind of the believers and very few of them live their lives righteous enough to make it to heaven. In the long run, they end up losing both in this life, as well as in the next life.

Customer Inserts Grade Course Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Customer Inserts Grade Course - Research Paper Example For instance, minorities such as Native Indians and Hispanics exist in sectors such as healthcare, education and the economy persist. The interests of major groups prevent people from minority groups from accessing their rights since their interests triumph over other rights. In his book, Kessler explains that justice involves the distribution of burdens and benefits fairly according to the relevant differences and similarities. Therefore, based on this we witness that justice has not been practiced in the United States of America for a long period of time (Kessler 118). During the Hurricane Katrina disaster in the United States that affected most of the southern states heavily populated by black population. The response to the hurricane was slow and this goes out to shoe that racial discrimination prevents the dispensation of justice in the United States (Isbister 119). Sex: Gender segregation and discrimination has become a common form of injustice in the United States. Certain job s have been reserved for different people and these jobs include services of people in the fire service, special corps and other jobs which are reserved for men. This discrimination that is gender based does not help bringing justice to the United States. In most cases, there is no law of natural justice since it is flawed and made by human beings. Human beings are created differently and this leads to inequality among different people in the society. Because of the gender disparity in the US society it is difficult to come to the conclusion that it is possible to find justice in the United States (Kim 212). Discrimination and disparity based on gender is quite difficult to cure and this grows the gap in the allowing for justice to... During the Hurricane Katrina disaster in the United States that affected most of the southern states heavily populated by black population. The response to the hurricane was slow and this goes out to shoe that racial discrimination prevents the dispensation of justice in the United States (Isbister 119). Sex: Gender segregation and discrimination has become a common form of injustice in the United States. Certain jobs have been reserved for different people and these jobs include services of people in the fire service, special corps and other jobs which are reserved for men. This discrimination that is gender based does not help bringing justice to the United States. In most cases, there is no law of natural justice since it is flawed and made by human beings. Human beings are created differently and this leads to inequality among different people in the society. Because of the gender disparity in the US society it is difficult to come to the conclusion that it is possible to find ju stice in the United States (Kim 212). Discrimination and disparity based on gender is quite difficult to cure and this grows the gap in the allowing for justice to be practised. The issue of gender has been so emotive that it features highly in many presidential and elective politics in the Unites States. In his book, Kessler he argues that by giving preferential treatment to minorities such as women in so called affirmative action amounts to an injustice. Since, the principle of justice states that all things or everybody is equal.

MFRD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MFRD - Essay Example Further NB has earned 12. 88% on capital employed as against industry average of 18.5%. According the profitability performance of the company is quite inefficient when compared with industry averages. Liquidity is the strong point of NB and it can be said that the company is in a position to meet it current obligations as and when those become due. The current ratio of NB is 2.14: 1 and that is quite strong when compared with industry average of 1.9: 1. Similarly the company’s quick ratio of NB is 1.52 as against industry average of 1.27. It has established that current ratio of 2:1 and quick ratio of 1:1 is considered optimum for any industry, and in case of NB both the ratios are above the required standard. Therefore NB can be considered as a solvent company that will meet its current liabilities as and when those become due. For analyzing the efficiency of the company four ratios are considered in this assessment. Total asset turnover that analyzes the effective utilization of total assets in generation of sales is 3.13 times and that is marginally behind the industry average of 3.91. Stock turnover ratio reflects liquidity of the stocks of the company. The company has rotated its stocks during 2008 for 13.93 times as against industry average of 18.3 times. Therefore company lacks efficiency on the aspect of rotating its stocks to meet cost of sales as per industry standards. As far as credit period is concerned, the company takes 40.43 days in collection of credit sales as against industry average of 52 days. On the other hand suppliers provide 36.9 days of credit for purchases and the industry average is 49 days. In other words company is managing credit sales collection and credit purchase payments quite effectively, and probably that is the reason for its sound liquidity. Above all 44.55 % of total assets have been financed by debt capital. The industry average is lower than this of