The Forest

Forests are precious national resource whim not only play significant role in national condor but help in pollution control and maintaining logical balance. These offer a number of direct indirect advantages which have been realised sin time immemorial. Direct Advantages 1. Forests provide valuable timber for dome tic and commercial use. Industries like paper, matt making, plywood, sports goods, lakh and furniture at directly based on raw materials derived from forest 2.Forests supply a number of minor produce which are utilised in different industries and domes* tic uses. These include lakh, gum and resins, tannin material, medicines, herbs, honey, spices, etc. 3. Forests offer employment to about 4 mil ­lion people to earn their livelihood in forest based occupations, i. e. , lumbering, sawing, furniture mak ­ing, forest produce collecting, etc. 4. Auction of forests for commercial use fetches annual income to state exchequer. 5. Export of forest products earns valuable foreign exchange to the country. 6.Grazing of cattle in the forests helps in dairy farming and cattle rising. 7. Forests are the natural habitat for wild life and birds which attract tourists, holiday makers and hunters. These may be developed as very good picnic or tourist centers in the form of wild life sanctuaries and national parks which have good employment and income generating potential. Indirect Advantages 1. Forests are the moderators of climate. These have effective role in controlling humidity and tem ­perature and precipitation. 2. Forests play dominant role in carbon cycle.These absorb atmospheric carbon-di-oxide and help in maintaining the purity of air and controlling atmospheric pollution. 3. Forests help in controlling soil erosion, soil degradation and floods. That is why these are very helpful in land reclamation and flood control. 4. Forests help in water percolation and thereby maintain underground water table. 5. Decay of plant leaves provides humus to the soils an d increases their fertility. 6. Indian forests are rich in wild life housing about 500 species of animals. 7.Forests help in maintaining natural scenic beauty which every year attract a number of tourists and nature lovers. 8. Forests provide natural habitat to a number of primitive tribes which are part of our rich cultural heritage. Their mode of living, economy and cul ­tural traits are based on forest environment. 9. Forests provide recluse to rashes, saints and hermits who have enriched our religious and cultural thoughts. Mere a visit of such quiet serene environment relieves physical and mental strains and refurbishes new vitality and vigor.

64th Republic Day of India

Introduction 64th Republic Day of India – January 26, 2013 Republic Day, celebrated on January 26th every year, is one of India’s most important national events. It was on January 26th, 1950 that the constitution of India came into force and India became a truly Sovereign, Democratic and Republic state. On this day India finally enjoyed the freedom of spirit, rule of law and fundamental principle of governance. The patriotic fervor of the Indian people on this day brings the whole country together even in her embedded diversity. Republic Day is a people’s day in a variety of ways:It’s when regional identity takes a backseat and what matters most is the universal appeal of unity and brotherhood projected by all Indians. The Indian constitution basically stands for the aspirations which ‘the common man of India’ cherishes. Republic Day is a day of the citizen of the country when he is entitled to be ‘all supreme'. Republic Day is celebrate d most majestically in the capital, New Delhi, where symbols of the great nation's military might and cultural wealth are displayed in what is the world's most impressive parade. All Government buildings are illuminated lending the city the atmosphere of a fairyland.This day is celebrated with much zeal and pride all across the nation. Republic Day Significance India gained independence on August 15, 1947. But till January 26, 1950, it did not have the proper law of the land for ruling the country. On 26th January, 1950 the constitution of India came into force and India became a nation state with sovereignty and republic sense. Our constitution was formed by the Indian Constituent Assembly. The Indian Constituent Assembly met on December 9, 1946. The Assembly appointed a number of committees to report on the various aspects of the proposed constitution.The Constituent Assembly had appointed Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman to draft the Constitution. The committee finalized the dr aft with 395 Articles and eight Schedules and was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. The Indian Republic officially came into being on January 26, 1950. January 26 was not some random date picked out of the calendar. It was on this date in 1927, that the Indian National Congress, then fighting its non-violent war for freedom, voted for complete independence as against ‘Dominion Status'.It was the date when members of the Indian National Congress took the pledge to work towards a ‘Sovereign Democratic Republic' of India. The Indian Constitution, the longest in the world, now consist of 397 articles and 12 schedules which provides for a single citizenship for the whole of India. It gives the right to vote to all the citizens of 18 years and above, unless they are disqualified. Fundamental rights are guaranteed to the citizens, equality of religion and so on. The Supreme Court, consisting of the Chief Justice of India and other judges, are the guardia n of the Constitution.It stands at the apex of a single integrated judicial system for the whole country. This is where the fundamental rights of the citizens are protected. 26 January 1950 It was on 26 January, 1950 that the constitution of India came into force and India became a Sovereign Democratic Republic. It was on the same day that Dr. Rajendra Prasad took oath as the first President of India. Read here the first speech delivered by Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the President of India on 26th January, 1950. â€Å"It is a great day for our country. India has had a long and chequered history; parts of it were cloudy and parts bright and sunlit.At no period, even during the most glorious eras of which we have record, was this whole country brought under one Constitution and one rule. We have mention of many Republics in our books and our historians have been able to make out a more or less connected and co-ordinated piece out of the incidents and the places which are mentioned in the se records. But these Republics were small and tiny and their shape and size was perhaps the same as that of the Greek Republics of that period. We have mention of Kings and Princes, some of whom are described as ‘Chakravarty', that is, a monarch whose suzerainty was acknowledged by other Princes.During the British period, while acknowledging the suzerainty of Britain, the Indian Princes continued to carry on the administration of their territories in their own way. It is for the first time today that we have inaugurated a Constitution which extends to the whole of this country and we see the birth of a federal republic having States which have no sovereignty of their own and which are really members and parts of one federation and one administration. His Excellency the Ambassador of the Netherlands has been pleased to refer to the relations and connections of this country with other countries both Eastern and Western.That relationship, so far as this country is concerned, has always been one of friendliness. Our ancestors carried the message of our teachers far and wide and established cultural ties which have withstood the ravages of time and still subsist while Empires have crumbled and fallen to pieces. Our ties subsist because they were not of iron and steel or even of gold but of the silken cords of the human spirit, India has had to face, on many occasions, assaults and invasions by foreigners and she has very often succumbed. But, there is not a single instance of a military invasion or aggressive war by this country against any other.It is therefore in the fitness of things and a culmination of our own cultural traditions that we have been able to win our freedom without bloodshed and in a very peaceful manner. The Father of our Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, was not a freak of nature but the physical embodiment and consummation of the progress of that spirit of non-violence which has been our great heritage. We have been able under his matchless leade rship, not only to regain our lost freedom but also to establish and strengthen the bonds of friendship with those — and our thanks are due to them for it — against whose policy we have fought and won.Our Constitution is a democratic instrument seeking to ensure to the individual citizens the freedoms which are so invaluable. India has never prescribed or prosecuted opinion and faith and our philosophy has room as much for a devotee of a personal god, as for an agnostic or an atheist. We shall, therefore, be only implementing in practice under our Constitution what we have inherited from our traditions, namely, freedom of opinion and expression.Under the new set-up, which we are inaugurating today, we hope to live up to the teachings of our Master and help in our own humble way in the establishment of peace in the world. Our attitude towards all countries is one of utmost friendliness. We have no designs against any one, no ambition to dominate others. Our hope is that others also will have no designs against us. We have had bitter experience of aggression by other countries in the past and can only express the hope that it may not be necessary for us to take any measures even in self-defence.I know the world today is passing through a most uncertain and anxious period. Two world wars within one generation, with all their devastation and aftermath of suffering and sorrow, have not been able to convince it that a war can never bring about the end of wars. It is, therefore, necessary to seek the end of wars in positive acts of goodness towards all and the world must learn to utilize all its resources for productive and beneficial purposes and not for destruction.We do venture to think that this country may have a past to play in establishing this goodwill and atmosphere of confidence and co-operation. We have inherited no old enmities. Our republic enters the world stage, therefore, free from pride and prejudice, humbly believing and striving that in international as well as internal affairs our statesmen may be guided by the teachings of the Father of our Nation — tolerance, understanding non-violence and resistance to aggression.It is in such a country and at such a time that it has pleased the representatives of our people to call me to this high office. You can easily understand my nervousness which arises not only from the tremendousness of the task with which our newly won freedom is confronted but also from a consciousness that I succeed in this sphere of activity, though not in office, one who has played such a conspicuous part not only during the period of strife and struggle but also during the period of constructive activity and active administration.You know Sri Chakravarty Rajagopalachari and have experience of his incisive intellect, great learning, practical wisdom and sweetness of manners. It has been my privilege to have been associated with him for more than 30 years and although we might have had occ asional differences of opinion on some vital matters but never have our personal relations suffered by setback and I feel sure that I shall continue to enjoy the benefit of his protective advice in whatever crises I may have to face.My nervousness and anxiety are to no small extent countered by a consciousness that I shall be the recipient of fullest confidence from our Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, the Members of the Cabinet and the Legislature and from the people at large. I shall Endeavour my best to earn and deserve that confidence. Let me also hope that this country will be able to win the confidence of other nations and secure such assistance as it may require in times of need. I have great pleasure in responding to the toast which has been proposed. † Republic Day CelebrationsDate: January 26 (Every Year) Venue: India Gate Highlights: President's Speech, Parade and Caravans (Jhakiyan) of different states This is one of the most colorful and prestigious national festivals and the presence of dignitaries like the President of India, the Prime Minister of India, Union Ministers and foreign delegates also add to the dignity of the celebration. Celebration of Republic Day is different than Independence Day. The difference in significance marks the variation in the pattern of celebration of these two national days. It is a people’s day.On Independence Day, the past is recalled whereas, on Republic Day, the pledge is renewed. Independence Day has rhetoric built in the celebration; Republic Day is without speeches. Republic Day is celebrated all over the country at all the administrative units like the capital cities, district headquarters, sub divisions, talukas, and panchayats. The major ceremonies are held at Delhi and the state capitals. The celebration mood lasts for one week. It consists of the ground preparations, rehearsals, the main display which spills over to the ‘Beating of Retreat’ on January 29.The day has acquir ed the status of a social celebration in which people participate whole-heartedly. The celebration mosaic is studded with activities. Though the Republic Day Parade is the main ceremony, various activities are held from early morning when prabhat pheris (morning rounds) followed by a homage to Mahatma Gandhi – the Father of Nation. The parade is succeeded by sports events in the afternoon. ‘At Home’ functions at the Raj Bhavan, at the District Magistrate’s and at the SDM’s are followed by illumination of public buildings at the provincial capitals and administrative headquarters.The celebrations are universal, total and participatory in which children also take part in a big way. Variations in culture are displayed through colourful attires and folk dances. The parades held on the day traditionally predominates a touch of modernity reflected in the display of might, technology and capabilities of growth in various sectors. The parades symbolizes the might; the tableaux reflects the cultural motifs. Rules for Flag Hoisting in India â€Å"A flag is a necessity for all nations. Millions have died for it. It is no doubt a kind of idolatry which would be a sin to destroy.For, a flag represents an Ideal The unfurling of the Union Jack evokes in the English breast sentiments whose strength it is difficult to measure. The Stars and Stripes mean a world to the Americans. The Star and the Crescent will call forth the best bravery in Islam. † â€Å"It will be necessary for us Indians Muslims, Christians Jews, Parsis, and all others to whom India is their home-to recognize a common flag to live and to die for. † ~ Mahatma Gandhi The Indian Flag is a national symbol and it is respected by every citizen of India. There are certain points to remember while hoisting the Indian Flag. The Indian Flag should be hoisted with the saffron colour on the top. * There should be no flag or emblem either above the National Flag or on its r ight. * If there are multiple flags to be hoisted, they must be placed to the left of the Indian Flag. * During the hoisting of the National Flag, all present must stand to give respect and honour its glory. * The flag cannot be intentionally allowed to touch the ground or the floor or trail in water. It cannot be draped over the hood, top, and sides or back of vehicles, trains, boats or aircraft. * The flag cannot be used for communal gains, drapery, or clothes. The National Flag should be flown from sunrise to sunset, irrespective of the weather. It must be taken out before sunset. Republic Day Parade The main celebrations of Republic Day are held in the form of a colourful parade near India Gate in Delhi. The parade showcasing India's military might and cultural diversity covers a 8 km route, starting from the Rashtrapati Bhavan through the picturesque Rajpath down to India Gate before winding up at the historic Red Fort in Old Delhi. The events of the day begin with the Prime Mi nister laying a wreath at the Amar Jawan Jyoti – India Gate.He then drives up to the central enclosure and awaits the arrival of the President and a Chief Guest of the occasion who is normally a Head of other Country. On his arrival the Hon’ble President meets the dignitaries present and unfurls the National Flag. Following this the National Anthem is played with a 21-gun salute to the National Flag. After this a brief investiture ceremony takes place during which the President presents India's top gallantry awards, the Param Veer Chakra, the Veer Chakra and the Maha Veer Chakra to the outstanding soldiers from the defense services.After this, four helicopters from the armed forces fly past the parade area showering rose petals on the audience. Each chopper carries a flag – the first being the Indian flag and the other three the flags of the Army, the Navy, and the Indian Air Force. The march past begins immediately after the fly past. The President, as Commande r-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, takes the salute of the mechanised, mounted and marching contingents of the Army, Air Force, Navy, Paramilitary forces, Police and the National Cadet Corps.After the march past comes the cultural extravaganza consisting of floats presented by the various states and performances by school children. After the floats, the bravery awards winning children from all over the country enter on elephants. A spectacular fly-past by Air Force and Naval aircraft rounds off this not-to-be missed experience. The parade is followed by a pageant of spectacular displays from the different states of the country. These moving exhibits depict scenes of activities of people in those states and the music and songs of that particular state accompany each display.Each display brings out the diversity and richness of the culture of India and the whole show lends a festive air to the occasion. No other country in the world can parade so many ethnically different people in splen did uniforms as India's Armed Forces. But they are all united in their proven loyalty to the Government elected by the people and in their proud traditions and legendary gallantry. Republic Day Chief Guests Since 1950, India has been inviting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honor for Republic Day celebrations and parade in New Delhi.Selecting the Chief guests for the Republic Day has more than mere ceremonial reasons. The choice of chief guest every year is dictated by a number of reasons such as strategic and diplomatic, business interest and international geo-politics. Recently India has been inviting dignitaries from South East Asia with the latest being Thailand's first women Prime Minister, Yingluck Shinawatra. Sultan of Oman Qaboos bin Said Al Said will be the chief guest for Republic Day Celebrations 2013 Here is the list of Chief Guests invited as the Guest of Honor for the Republic Day ceremony held in Delhi. 950 President Sukarno from I ndonesia 1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck of Bhutan 1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad of Pakistan 1958 Marshall Ye Jianying of People’s Republic of China 1960 President Kliment Voroshilov of Soviet Union 1961 Queen Elizabeth II from United Kingdom 1963 King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia 1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid of Pakistan 1968 Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin of Soviet Union President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia 1969 Prime Minister of Bulgaria Todor Zhivkov of Bulgaria 1971 President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania 972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam of Mauritius 1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire 1974 President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia 1975 President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia 1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac of France 1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek of Poland 1978 President Patrick Hillery of Ireland 1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser of Australia 1980 President Valery Giscard d’Estaing of France 1981 President Jose Lo pez Portillo of Mexico 1982 King Juan Carlos I of Spain 1983 President Shehu Shagari of Nigeria 1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck of Bhutan 985 President Raul Alfonsin of Argentina 1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou of Greece 1987 President Alan Garcia of Peru 1988 President Junius Jayewardene of Sri Lanka 1989 General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh of Vietnam 1990 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth of Mauritius 1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom of Maldives 1992 President Mario Soares of Portugal 1993 Prime Minister John Major of United Kingdom 1994 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong of Singapore 1995 President Nelson Mandela of South Africa 1996 President Dr. Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil 997 Prime Minister Basdeo Panday of Trinidad and Tobago 1998 President Jacques Chirac of France 1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev of Nepal 2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria 2001 President Abdelaziz Bouteflika of Algeria 2002 President Cassam Uteem of Mauritius 2003 President Mohammed K hatami of Iran 2004 President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil 2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck of Bhutan 2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud of Saudi Arabia 2007 President Vladimir Putin of Russia 2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy of France 009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan 2010 President Lee Myung Bak of Republic of Korea 2011 P resident Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono of Indonesia 2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra of Thailand 2013 Sultan of Oman Qaboos bin Said Al Said Republic Day Awards The national awards for bravery or the National Bravery Awards was started in 1957 by the Indian Council for Child Welfare (ICCW) to recognize and honor children who have performed outstanding deeds of bravery and selfless sacrifice. Every year the ICCW confers these awards to children below 16 years of age.The awards are announced on November 14 (Children's Day) and the Prime Minister presents the awards on the eve of Republic Day. The awardees receive a medal, certificate an d cash as a token of their indispensable courage. These children also take part in the Republic Day Parade atop an elephant. In addition to this, some of them are also granted financial assistance to complete their schooling and professional courses such as medical and engineering (under the Indira Gandhi scholarship scheme). Assistance is also provided to some till they complete their graduation.The Central and State government departments, Panchayats, Zila Parishads, State and Union Territory councils for Child Welfare and also the school authorities have the responsibility of acknowledging the applications for the bravery award. The selection is made by a committee constituted by the ICCW, comprising of representatives from the Secretariats of the President and the Vice-President, various ministries, as well as the Central Social Welfare Board, police, All India Radio, Doordarshan and leading NGOs such as the National Bal Bhavan, SOS, Children's Villages of India, R K Mission and experienced ICCW members.In 1978, the Indian Council for Child Welfare instituted two bravery awards for children under the age of 16, the Sanjay Chopra Award and the Geeta Chopra Award, given each year along with the National Bravery Award. Bravery Awards 2013 The list of Bravery Award winners for the year 2013 was announced by the ICCW on January 18th, 2013. The award is to be conferred to 22 brave children from all parts of the country, the youngest recipient being 7-year-old Koroungamba Kuman from Manipur.The coveted ‘Bharat Award' will be awarded to Tarang Atulbhai Mistry from Gujarat and 11-year-old Gajendra Ram from Chhattisgarh is being felicitated with ‘Sanjay Chopra' award. NameAwardState Renu Geeta Chopra AwardDelhi Gajendra Ram Sanjay Chopra AwardChhattisgarh Tarang Atulbhai MistryBharat AwardGujarat Vijay Kumar SainikBapu Gaidhani AwardUttar Pradesh Akanksha GauteBapu Gaidhani AwardChhattisgarh Hali Raghunath BarafBapu Gaidhani AwardMaharashtra RamdintharaN ational Bravery AwardsMizoram Devansh TiwariNational Bravery AwardsChhattisgarh Mukesh NishadNational Bravery AwardsChhattisgarhLalrinhluaNational Bravery AwardsMizoram E. SuganthanNational Bravery AwardsTamil Nadu Ramith. K,National Bravery AwardsKerala Mebin CyriacNational Bravery AwardsKerala Vishnu M. V. National Bravery AwardsKerala Koroungamba KumanNational Bravery AwardsManipur Sameep Anil PanditNational Bravery AwardsMaharashtra Viswendra LohknaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Satendra LohkanaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Pawan Kumar KanaujiyaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Stripleaseman MylliemNational Bravery AwardsMeghalaya Sapna Kumari MeenaNational Bravery AwardsRajasthan Suhail K. M.National Bravery AwardsKarnataka Gallantry Awards Soldiers, who have performed outstanding deeds of bravery and selfless sacrifice, are awarded the bravery medals, Param Vir Chakra, Vir Chakra and Maha Vir Chakra. Each defense service in India have there own set of gallantry awards that are awarded to the soldiers who have shown courage and valor. Beating Retreat After three days of Republic Day parade, a moving ceremony known as â€Å"Beating Retreat† is held at the Vijay Chowk in New Delhi. This ceremony revives an ancient war custom according to which troops used to stop fighting at sunset.Bugles announcing the sunset would sound in the battlefield. As soon as soldiers heard these bugles they would stand still in the battlefield and war would be stopped for the day. This ceremony held on the 29th of January every year, marks the formal end of the Republic Day celebrations. The ceremony opens with a parade by selected contingents of the armed forces set to scintillating performances by the various armed forces bands. The parade climaxes with all the bands playing in unison. As the bands fall silent, a lone trumpeter picks up the moving tune ‘Siki a mole'.After this performance the hymn ‘Abide with me' is played by the Massed Bands. This hymn, said to be Mahatma Gandhi's favourite, is a permanent feature of the ceremony. At exactly 6 pm, the buglers sound the retreat and the National Flag is lowered to the National Anthem bringing the Republic Day celebrations to a formal end. One by one, the camels and the riders who stand stone-like throughout against the backdrop of the sky, move away from the background. Just after this comes the most visually appealing part of the show. With the click of a button, a thousand bulbs light up the Rashtrapati Bhavan and adjoining buildings.Surely a fitting end to the annual celebrations of the Indian republic! National Anthem of India The National Anthem of India is ‘Jana Gana Mana' which was written and composed by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. It was first sung at the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress on December 27, 1911. It was officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on January 24, 1950. THE NATIONAL ANTHEM OF INDIA Jana gana mana adhinayaka jaya he Bharata bhagya vidhata Punjaba Sind Gujarata Maratha Dravida Utkala Banga Vindhya Himachala Yamuna Ganga Ucchala jaladhi tarangaTava subha name jage Tava subha asisa mage Gahe tava jaya gatha Jana gana mangala dayaka jaya he Bharata bhagya vidhata Jaya he jaya he jaya he Jaya jaya jaya jaya he! Translation into English Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people, Dispenser of India's destiny. Thy name rouses the hearts of Punjab, Sind, Gujarat and Maratha, Of the Dravida and Orissa and Bengal; It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas, mingles in the music of Jamuna and Ganges and is chanted by the waves of the Indian Sea. They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise. The saving of all people waits in thy hand,Thou dispenser of India's destiny. Victory, victory, victory, Victory to thee. Preamble to the Constitution of India Just as every book we read comes with a preface, which gives us a brief outline and the central them e of that book, so is the case with the preamble of Indian Constitution. The Preamble being the preface of the constitution lays down the basic makeup of the Constitution. The Indian Preamble highlights the type of society and government it wishes India and Indians to have. For this, it has tried to incorporate the objectives of the Constitution in a nutshell.The Preamble of the constitution has used the noblest words which symbolize the highest principles and values of human creativity and experience. World over, the Preamble of the Indian Constitution is regarded highly for its originality in wholeness of approach in dealing with so many subjects. The Indian preamble wishes India to be a country where there should be no high class and low class of citizens; an India in which all communities will co-exist in perfect harmony. Interestingly, the Indian Constitution is the longest of all the constitutions by any other nation.PREAMBLE WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, are having solemnly resolv ed to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

Major Case Analysis Daughtery v. City of Maryland Heights, 231 S.W.3D Study

Major Analysis Daughtery v. City of Maryland Heights, 231 S.W.3D 814 (MO. Banc 2007) - Case Study Example In his termination, the City of Maryland Heights maintained that he was not in a position to carry out some essential tasks of his job as he began to suffer from complications that occurred from the accident. He was provided with an option of taking an early disability retirement to avoid termination. However, upon refusal to exercise the option, the City of Maryland Heights terminated him. The physical problems experienced by Daugherty started shortly after he commenced working as an officer in Maryland heights after an accident caused by a drunken truck driver while on duty supervising an accident scene. The accident caused him serious back injuries that kept him from working for over twelve months. However, he later resumed his active duty. After approximately twelve years later, Daugherty was promoted to be a captain. Shortly after the promotion, Daugherty did not attend several months of work as a result of complications from his previous back injury. Later, in 2002, the City of Maryland Heights required that Daugherty should undergo an examination of his health status to determine if he was fit for his duty. The deputy Chief of the Police for the City of Maryland Heights created a memorandum to be used in the evaluation of Daugherty health status, emphasizing on what he believed to be essential for Daugherty’s job. The memorandum was created using both the City’s official description as well as the Deputy Chief’s personal beliefs about what was required of an employee in the position of Daugherty, many of which were very demanding than those listed in the in the official description. However, other officers in the department testified that the position of Daugherty was viewed as a supervisory position. Thus, it was highly unlikely that Daugherty would ever experience a situation that would require strenuous physical activity. The report provided by the physician stated that Daugherty was not able to perform any duty listed in the memo randum. Finally, the City of Maryland heights terminated Daugherty’s employment. Upon learning of the decision to terminate him, Daugherty made an appointment with his supervisor to discuss the decision. However, unknown the supervisor, Daugherty decided to make an audio recording of the conversation between him and the supervisor. In the conversation, the supervisor stated that the City of Maryland Height’s administrator had an intention of getting rid of employees over 55 years old since their salaries were very costly to the City. Daugherty received the right-to sue letter from the Missouri Commission of Human Rights and brought suit in the Circuit Court of St. Louis County. He alleged that his termination was as a result of his age and disability. Daugherty appealed to the Missouri Supreme Court that reversed the decision of the lower courts. The Laws violated in the case The legal backgrounds provided by the Missouri Human Rights Act (MHRA) render it unlawful for an employer to terminate an employee from employment because of race, color, disability, religion, sex, or national origin. Therefore, an employee who believes that the employer has violated the MHRA must file a complaint with the commission. Final verdict of the Court In the Daugherty v, City of Maryland Heights, case number 231 S.W 3D 814 (Mo. 2007) the Missouri Supreme Court acknowledged that the discrimination safeguards under the MHRA are not

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Acting discussion - Assignment Example When acting as Benny Carson in the movie, Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story he is able to use his body movements and facial expression in a way that viewers will be easily convinced that he was a real doctor (Edelson, 2000). Cuba Gooding Jr. is also very good at using his voice to fit different characters in different movies. If you listen to him in the movie, The hit list and Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story you will realize that the use of tone and other variations in the way he speaks (Smith, 2013). Listening at the two films you might think that the actors in the two cases have two different identities and characters. Imagination and analytical is also something that Cuba Gooding has shown in many of his movies. In the movie, One in the chamber you can notice that after his first assassination and he is being pursued by a group of his victim’s guards, he walks forward despite calls by the guards for him to stop and as soon as he gets to the staircases he starts running just as he takes the corner knowing that at the corner would be the right place to start increasing the distance between him and his

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Interaction design - Assignment Example levant parts of the system are visible by use of suitable affordances that include; buttons, links, dropdown arrows, mouse cursor and highlight on mouse over. The scrollbars provide moving up and down affordances while the icons provide clicking on affordances (Rogers 115). Feedback implies sending information back to the user about what has been done like highlighting and animation and combinations of these. When login button is clicked on a â€Å"depressed† look is evident .Also constraints provide users with a range of usage possibilities e.g. Date time picker for birthday date. Efficiency on the other hand is evident in status updates and comments. When users write comments and post updates, the feed is immediately brought up to date. As a result the users get the feeling similar to natural result of typing. Facebook responsiveness truly encourages interaction among pals. Facebook has personalisation options that allow users to personalise pages and manage different features of their accounts. This flexibility attracts greater attention from the users and gives a more delighting user experience. Facebook tabbed chat feature gives users firmer sense of control and organization over their chatting actions. This feature also allows the users to perform more  than one task at the same time and use other Facebook features while chatting. Locus of attention is predominant in Windows with a darkened background. Upon selecting a picture a modal window with a dark background opens. The system is designed to block all the contents in the background, by doing this the users attention is drawn to the picture. The overall effect is to enable the user to view and interact with the picture with little effort. Errors and error recovery mechanism is proper. This help users recognize and diagnose errors. The place for displaying error messages is at the centre and is highlighted to get the users attention. The Error messages indicate what went wrong, where, and what the

Art Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art - Article Example In developing these skills, one may reach a point at which one can recognize the cubist mess of a Picasso among the random abstract paintings of an amateur at a garage sale. However, it is better to start with more classical pieces in learning to appreciate the characteristics of true art. One such example is an oil on canvas painting executed by Emile-Jean-Horace Vernet in 1830 commonly referred to by its subject matter – Portrait of the Marchesa Cunegonda Misciattelli with Her Infant Son and His Nurse. By examining this painting, one can begin to pick out the elements of quality that make this work stand out as valuable whether it was shown in the sacred halls of a museum or in the darkened spaces of a corner coffee shop. The painting, part of the Samuel H. Kress Collection at the University of Arizona’s Museum of Art in Tucson, depicts the image of a woman sitting at the keyboard of a piano or similar instrument. Although her hands are on the keys, presumably in action, her attention is focused over her right shoulder on the small baby held in the arms of another young woman standing behind the first woman’s chair. The baby, seemingly wearing nothing more than the blankets swaddled around him, is reaching out toward the woman in the chair while the woman holding him has captured one of his hands in hers. The nurse also has her attention fully focused on the baby, seemingly making him the primary focus of the image. However, other elements of the painting manage to pull the attention away from this tiny person to redistribute attention throughout the available space. The distribution of attention begins with the fundamental form of the pyramid. Recognized as the most stable geometric shape, artists frequently use the pyramid form in their paintings to demonstrate stability and serenity – the concept that all things are in proper

Motivational Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Motivational Plan - Research Paper Example This is based on the identification of the factors that are in correlation to values, emotions and attitude of the team members. The paper also offers a summary of the different modes of identifying the factors and providing conclusions that are overtly related to influencing the performance of the team positively. There has been a focus on business design as a necessary component of motivating a team in an organization. In order to achieve motivation, performance and satisfaction, every organization needs to have a working design. Through having a working design, there is a boost to the effectiveness of a given team. However, the behavior of the term is shaped by the individuals’ values, personalities, emotions and attitudes. Working as a mentor that manages a Shipping Department for Athletic Equipment, there is a need to have a grip on these matters and get to understand, evaluate and analyze the different attributes of each and every team member. This is the means through which effective work design and efficient team layout can be put in place. Moreover, having individuals with different personalities, attitudes and emotions mean there is s need for the establishment of a comprehensive motivational plan. For instance, at the department, there are three individuals with different per sonalities (Keller, 2009). Pursia and Cleveland are impressed while Lydia is an interactive person. This, therefore, implies a need for a comprehensive motivational plan if the potential of the team members is to be exploited. Worthy to note is the fact that those team members who seem not too ecstatic about their work are more often not comfortable with the concept of the team. In order to build a progressive team, one needs to use personalities, values, attitudes and the emotions of the employees in order to motivate the performance of the team. Attitude refers to the perception of an individual with regards to other people, items or events. Attitude can

Business forecasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business forecasting - Essay Example If the data is from the point of view of sales of the softwood supplier it indicates positive. The number of unfilled orders according to the data is going down. The analysis of the data, the methods which have been tried out and the reason behind trying these methods is given below. The papers also support the MS EXCEL sheet which has been prepared in order to analyze the data and forecast. The appropriate method is described below. The basis of choosing that particular method over the others is mentioned at the end of the paper. Data analysis is done in various ways. The data when a manager looks at it he might look for the major variations, drops or growths, units time line etc in the first look. The data is useful or not it is decided here. The second step is presenting data in a graph or chart which gives clearer picture of the changes over a period of time. The number of data and the variables present are the basis to analyze it for the further forecasting process. The data available has various factors in it which has been deciding factors of adopting a forecast method. The available when analyzed with Autocorrelation method, it has shown the following features in it. If a series has trend, Yt and Yt-1 are highly correlated. The auto coefficient lag 1 is often very large (close to 1). As we can see from the above analysis the value of r1 is 0.807 which is close to one. Not only this if have we observed the Graph of the unfilled orders over a period of time we find that it is decreasing. It can be inferred that the overall unfilled orders is decreasing over a period of time in the 110 observations. It shows a trend of decrease which is a positive impact for the organization or the industry. There are other factors which can have impact on this industry. These are various social, economic, technological and political factors which have been assumed to be constant over the period of time. It is based on the

Did the Treaty of Versailles make World War II inevitable Essay

Did the Treaty of Versailles make World War II inevitable - Essay Example Evidently, such thing could hardly have happened unless the system was initially flawed, and precisely those flaws might be amongst the key reasons for the outbreak of World War II. More than sixty years since the end of World War II, the causes of the overwhelming military event continue to produce intensive discussions among scholars. The debate revolves around such issues as the nature of German policy in the 1930s, the role of the Soviets in the outbreak of the war, the date which can actually be considered the beginning of the Second World War, a policy of appeasement conducted by the UK and France towards Germany, which allowed the latter to fully recover and accumulate power, competition for resources between the European powers, etc. However, neither of these causes and preconditions that undoubtedly played a role in setting up the scene for World War II can be properly understood without analysis of the system that shaped political life in Europe during the two pre-war decades. The Versailles System was the structure of peace in Europe established during the Peace Conference of 1919: the system took its name from the main treaty signed during the conference, the Treaty of Versailles (Henig 1995). The Versailles System replaced the Bismarckian Alliance system to govern Europe until World War II. Despite being commonly addressed as the system of European peace, the Versailles System apparently failed to fulfil its noble mission: the story of the causes of World War II is largely the story of this political system's failure. Discussion One of the first attempts to analyze the pre-war developments in Europe from a non-traditional stance was made in 1961 by A. J. Taylor. The author's main argument was that Hitler's aggressive international policies during the 1930's owed a debt to the political situation in Europe as well as the policies conducted by other European powers within the framework of the Versailles System. In Taylor's opinion, Hitler was not actually driven by the Nazi ideology of expansionism but performed as a typical German statesman who cared about strengthening the country and reestablishing it as the leading European power (Taylor 1996). Such controversial point of view produced a wave of sharp criticism with Taylor being accused of trying to whitewash the Nazi leader. However, the reality was that no solid arguments could be found to dismiss Taylor's point of view that the Versailles System might be one of the major root causes of World War II. The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 - 1920 brought together the most influential people in the world whom determined the political situation not only in Europe but across the globe at that time. The Prime Minister of Great Britain, the President of the United States, the Prime Ministers of France, Italy, Australia and Canada, the Queen of Romania, and many other national leaders spent almost six months debating the outcomes of World War I as well as economic and political implications of that conflict for each country involved. The overall outcomes of the Conference have been usually labelled as failure because the treaties signed during the Paris

Airline marketing Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Airline marketing - Research Proposal Example In fact, Dubai is known as the business hub of Middle East. Even though Dubai witnessed rapid growths during the latter part of twentieth century, a national airliner was a dream until 1985, despite having an excellent airport. Dubai had been used as the stopover on routes between Europe and Far East during the 70’s and early part of 80’s. The business savvy Dubai royal family has realized potential of airline business during this period and they decided to exploit it. Thus the initial works for the formation of the company EA has started in 1985. †Because of Dubai's unique political structure, Emirates could be described as both government-owned and privately held, though most considered it state-owned. It was required to operate independent of government subsidies, however, apart from $10 million in start-up capital† (The Emirates Group History). It is difficult to consider EA as a private or public company because of the unique political and administratio n system prevails in Dubai. The royal family is responsible for Dubai administration and at the same time, they are engaged in many other private businesses like EA. In 1974, three years after independence, the rulers of the UAE decided to establish a joint flag carrier: Gulf Air. However, a tense relationship between the airline and the Dubai government existed ever since its inception, as the latter re fused to give in to Gulf Air’s demands to abandon its open-skies policy. In reaction, Gulf Air reduced frequencies and capacities to and from Dubai by more than two thirds between 1984 and 1985 without advance notice. Since foreign carriers proved unable or unwilling to fill the gap, Dubai’s then ruler, Sheik Mohammed bin Rashid Al-Maktoum, convened a team of experts – headed by Maurice Flanagan and later joined by Tim Clark and the ruler’s then 26- year old son, Sheik Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum – to devise an emergency plan. The group’s rec ommendation to set up a home carrier for Dubai was quickly accepted by the ruler, but he imposed two conditions: The new airline should meet the highest quality standards and there would be no additional capital injections from the government other than the agreed USD 10 million start-up capital (Knorr and Eisenkopf, p.1). EA was formed in 1985 under the chairmanship of Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the nephew of the ruler of Dubai. Maurice Flanagan has taken charge as the managing director of the new airline. The first Emirates flight took off on October 25, 1985, from Dubai to Karachi. â€Å"Thereafter, Emirates Airlines reached Delhi and Mumbai. The airline launched services to Colombo, Chaka, Amman and Cairo in 1986. It kicked off non-stop services to London Gatwick in 1987 and also added Frankfurt, Singapore and Male to its network later on† (Emirates Airlines). Within nine months from the beginning operation, EA became profitable. Even though chairman Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum was only 27 years of age at the time, of taking charge of the airliner, he succeeded in converting EA into one of the most prominent airliner in the business with the company of Maurice Flanagan. As mentioned earlier, the differences with Gulf Air, motivated the Royal Family of Dubai to give take the growth of EA as a challenge. The Royal family allotted lavish funds for the initial expenditure, and took the growth of EA

The Beginning of Infotainment Essay Example for Free

The Beginning of Infotainment Essay Infotainment has slowly taken over the news. It affects our vote, what we watch, and what we choose to hear. In my paper I will discuss where infotainment started, infotainment in the news, how infotainment is used, and the news we do receive. Thus the question where did infotainment begin? Infotainment according to Kathleen Maclay of Public Affairs from the University of California Berkeley dates back to the days of Benjamin Franklin. Infotainment was used in the days when Ben Franklin and his brother James printed songs about topical subjects. One example that Ben Franklin used infotainment in was a ballad â€Å"The Downfall of Piracy† in 1719 according to USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education). Today infotainment is used in â€Å"real news† and has been known to get their stories from infotainment sources like TMZ. Infotainment is most of today’s news. The reason I say this is because there are many infotainment shows that are highly watched. The more watched television ones are Extra, TMZ, The Insider and many more on cable like The Soup. These shows are highly watched for entertainment and sometimes even quoted on actual news. Many other infotainments shows quote from People Magazine and Vanity Fair. News shows will keep their audience by showing clips of the infotainment in the beginning clips of the news hour and then show the story at the end of the news hour. TV news shows compete to keep their audiences. The competition is getting fierce with 24 hour cable news networks and the internet. The major new networks have even included infotainment in the news. According to an article â€Å"The Dawn of a New Era in Infotainment† by Jonah Goldberg of National Review Online; CNN was known to talk about an Obama skit that was aired on SNL. Now whether CNN checked the facts or not it was good TV time that would attract viewers. Frankie Rich from The New York Times calls infotainment â€Å"a mediathon†. After reading the article which was written in 2003 seven years ago not much has changed about mediathons. A â€Å"mediathon: a relentless hybrid of media circus, soap opera and tabloid journalism we have come to think of as All Calamity All the Time. The latest being the scandal with Tiger Woods and the women he allegedly slept with. Rod Blagojevich the former Governor of IL turned into infotainment after airing on â€Å"Celebrity Apprentice† and his wife airing on the TV show â€Å"I’m a Celebrity, Get Me out of Here†. The name of the article is â€Å"How 15 minutes Became 5 Weeks† written by Frankie Rich from The New York Times. The title itself is very true in our media and news industry. If you are a celebrity, governor, or athlete and you are involved in any kind of scandal the media will eat you, digest you, and then pick you back up for more. For example more recent ones Michael Jackson, Chris Brown, and Sandra Bullock; Michael is gone but still being spoke about his sexuality and children. Chris Brown another singer is still in infotainment about his court case from when he hit Rihanna, and the newest Oscar winner Sandra bullock and her husband cheating on her. Mediathons have an effect on ratings and readers and many companies will pick up that mediathon to keep their readers and viewers. If they don’t do it their audience can easily go someplace else. Like I had mentioned before competition is fierce. When politics come into the news people look to media to see what is happening and feed off of the information that is given. When it comes to election time media can have quite an impact on how the people vote. The people look to news for facts as they should. It is the job of the news to inform the people. Others look towards infotainment shows like Oprah and Jon Stewart. In the article from Slate. com â€Å"Democracy for Dummies† by Jack Shafer he talks about how politicians use entertainment for their gain. Shafer speaks on how President George W.  Bush and John Kerry appeared on a number of shows both day and night shows. Laura Bush appeared on â€Å"The Tonight Show†, and â€Å"Larry King†. John Kerry appeared on â€Å"The Daily Show† and â€Å"John Edwards, Kerrys running mate, has made appearances on Live with Regis and Kelly, The View, and The Tonight Show according to Marc Ransford Media Relations Manager author of the article â€Å"Bush, Kerry Using Entertainment Television Shows to Reach Public†. Infotainment media is used to gain the vote of those readers/viewers. Obama is a good example of his method he used his time towards the younger and middle class voters during campaign. Obama appeared on Oprah and she spoke about him being president on her show October 18, 2006. Oprah a year later did speak in favor for Obama when he was elected to be president at a Rally December 9, 2007 thedailymotion. com. Oprah also spoke for President Obama when she appeared on Larry King Live May 3, 2007. As everyone knows Obama did win the election making a mark in history. He still uses the media to answer questions and try to stay in favor of Americans. Obama has had 158 interviews 90 being on television 11 on radio and the rest of the 57 were newspaper and magazines Knoller, Mark Obamas First Year: By the Numbers. The audience will continue to choose what they want to hear than what we need to know. Infotainment is winning against news the question is how did this happen? In an article from USA Today (society for the Advancement of Education) Michael Medved has quite a bit to say on this topic. Medved says â€Å"that the audience has let this happen. We continue to choose to watch entertainment rather than the news. † The news that we do receive is usually the bad than good. In ’99 73% of news lead stories were of violence or natural disasters. Not much has changed in news since then many of the headlines are of violence in schools or natural disasters around the world. Many news directors do air these stories for the viewers. In order to keep their attention and keep them entertained. The news networks air what will keep you watching. The Internet does offer its share of wonderful news. The bad part of reading news on the Internet people will read what they want or what they are in favor of. If you are for the vote of healthcare you are likely to read on how it’s going to pass not how it won’t make it. The Internet gives you options you can click on what you want to hear or know The media in your life An Introduction to Mass Communication pg. 275. To capture the attention of the audience is fierce. Because we have so much technology out today and we have all these options to choose from. What are the news networks to do or the newspapers and magazines that choose to eliver the news that we need to know. I think that the news networks should still include the news that we need and tell the public what we need to know. I have discussed on how infotainment is included in our news today and how it dates back to the days of Benjamin Franklin. How the news and media affect our politics and how the politicians use the media likewise for their benefit. In my opinion I believe that infotainment was created to keep the attention of the audience but I also think it was created to distract the people from the real news. It was created so that people didn’t have to think about the negative news that was being told. Instead it’s easier to forget about it and watch TMZ. The audience is us. We are the people that make the choices. We are the ones that affect the news. So why don’t we? If the people chose to discard the infotainment that is being given it would most likely go away. But as long as we feed into the mediathon and infotainment shows they will remain. Leading to our lack of knowledge about what is really happening.

Influence of the IRA and the Northern Irish Conflict

Influence of the IRA and the Northern Irish Conflict The Influence of the IRA and the Northern Irish Conflict (1970s to Present) on the Writing of Irish History Khalil Jetha It has been said that history is not an assortment of facts, but rather a recollection of instances taken in a certain context. Unlike pure fact, history is heavily reliant on the documenting party. The writing of Irish history has changed dramatically since the 1970s, altering the rhetoric in which the struggle has been presented. The crippling hold of the British Imperial machine has widely been recalled as an international symbol of oppression. However, recent developments in the Irish conflict have tempered something of a defeatist attitude among Ireland’s historians, earning the circumstance enmity and even garnering sympathy for the British government. Countries that won their independence from Britain such as the United States, India, and others share the common factor of clear-cut sides; in each case, the parties at odds were Great Britain and the colonial land in question. The Irish struggle, however, has evolved into broad acquiescence to subjugation and dominance, w ith a markedly diminished sense of outrage. What started out as a universal Irish struggle plunged into disarray, with splintering factions breaking away from a common struggle and eventually accepting the creation of two Irelands: a Catholic, Irish free southern state and a Protestant, British protectorate in the north. There are three events in the last thirty years that changed the face of the Irish struggle’s historiography, all three testaments to the waning sense of urgency shared in the Northern Irish conflict. First is the radicalization of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), second is the division of Catholics manifested in Colin Cruise O’Brien’s writing and push for leadership, and third is the evolution of Irish rebellion from 1970 from that of armed struggle to non-violent protest. The IRA has long been the strongest symbol of Irish nationalism, hotly contested by some as a partisan organization dedicated to little more than a consolidation of Catholic control. Some contend that prior to the 1916 establishment of the Irish Free State there was no Irish nation, and that the national identity was in its infancy at the onset of the British occupation. However, to the Irish people â€Å"the Republic was, for a few tense years, a living reality which dominated every aspect of their lives† (Macardle 29). The tumultuous 1970s are an accurate representation of how events in the Northern Irish conflict affected the writing of Irish history. The escalation of violence on British soil in the name of Irish nationalism, followed by growing Irish resentment of the IRA, and finally the disarmament of the IRA all reflect how events changed the conflict’s historiography. Though the IRA had existed in different forms since the early 19th century, the 1970s saw â€Å"violence against British rule increased, carried out in the name of the ‘Irish Republican Army’† (Kee 613). What originally began as carefully planned attacks against British armed establishments inside Ireland proper changed into â€Å"guerrilla warfare in which the majority of the Irish people, though originally opposed to violence, supported the IRA† (Kee 613). British brutality spawned Irish violent resistance, and support for such measures was widely supported as the Irish people perceived the British occupation as a series of events that could be universally and categorically condemned. As a result, history was written heavily in the favour of the Irish cause. Up until the escalation of IRA violence on British territory, â€Å"no one who knew the meaning of nationality found it difficult to understand that the Irish had, in past centuries, resisted conques t and absorption by another race; what caused astonishment, whether hostile or sympathetic, was the passion and tenacity with which the resistance had been maintained† (Macardle 30). Historians sympathized with the Irish plight, especially given that extent of the British occupation following the establishment of the Irish Free State. The world was already aware of British Imperialism and the extent of Irish civilian losses. Irish violence in the name of the IRA saw everything shy of complete support in the international stage, and history focused on â€Å"the weighty British Administration† that â€Å"continued to operate uncertainly and with violence, while, in its midst, there functioned another government, which commanded the allegiance of the people and whose decrees produced immediate results† (Macardle 29). The early 1970s saw unparalleled international sympathy with the IRA’s cause, especially following the exodus of Irish violence from Ulster and its manifestation on British soil. Though violence was not necessarily condoned, it was not wholeheartedly condemned. Northern Ireland evolved from a sectarian conflict to one that spanned national borders, a situation history saw repeated in every part of the world. British aggression in Derry soon became a rallying cry for IRA recruitment. What took place on January 30, 1972 became known as Bloody Sunday, the pinnacle of IRA domestic and international sympathy. In the â€Å"six months prior to that day, the [British] Army had increasingly brutalized the Catholic populace, but it had done so largely on a case-by-case, individual-by-individual basis†; â€Å"on that day, the Army launched a premeditated campaign of murder against unarmed demonstrators—a campaign whose ostensible purpose was to induce the IRA to stand and fight, force the demonstrators to flee, and enable the Army to kill or capture the bulk of Derry’s IRA gunmen† (Hull 48). Historiography could have taken one of two paths. Bloody Sunday could have been perceived as a hallmark of British imperialism, or it could have been shown in a sympathetic light to the British dilemma of protecting its previously sponsored Protestant ruling class. From Dublin’s standpoint, the â€Å"world undoubtedly would have concluded that British Army actions in Derry on January 30, 1972 violated international law†; however, popular support for the Irish victims was lost â€Å"in lieu of an objective investigation,† with â€Å"more British whitewash† spread over the whole affair (Hull 183). London saw the elicitation tactics of Bloody Sunday as a utilitarian decision to spare the most civilian lives. That so many civilians perished under British gunfire was a penultimate factor in the stabilization of the region. The ends justified the means in the British â€Å"peace†; the British-sponsored probe investigating Bloody Sunday dampened the immediate public outcry, and history’s favour weaned on the Irish side. This marked the end of the image of the British aggressor. The Close of Irish Violence in London and the Loss of Popular IRA Support The gruesome bombing IRA bombing campaigns led to two significant paradigm shifts in Dublin and abroad. On one hand, history began perceiving the Irish separatist cause as one that targeted all Britons, not just those occupying Ireland. Images of Britons of all racial and religious backgrounds swept across newspapers worldwide, and the Irish cause became less about foreign occupation and more about the stasis of British national security. Moreover, Irish domestic support waned among Catholic clergy as well as the Irish layman. People throughout the island were at odds with each other; prominent scholars such as Connor Cruise O’Brien not only opposed the IRA, but also began taking part in British politics, siding with political machination as opposed to armed insurgency. Historians took the side of O’Brien, depleting the IRA’s support, morphing their public image from that of popular resistance to one of horrific aggression. As a corollary, the Irish cause was mar ked as one not between the Irish and British or Catholic and Protestant. The conflict in Northern Ireland hence became one of armed struggle versus civilized politics. O’Brien’s writings against the IRA may have cost him leadership of the Irish Republic, but their influence dwindled what used to be unified armed struggle. The IRA attempted to counter this trend, calling in bomb threats hours ahead of schedule, causing panic and not violence. However, the writing of Irish history had already shifted, and the Irish people grew weary of the fighting. The new style of bloodless bombing campaigns was ironically reflective of the end of Irish political fervour; rebellion became one of tired horror, one that was less separatist and more about divisions few recognized on the international stage. Today’s Irish conflict is one of forgotten causes; in light of the British successes in quelling the whirr of public relations following Bloody Sunday, the IRA bombing campaigns inevitably led to their condemnation by Irish politicians and scholars such as O’Brien. By the early 1980s, the entire cause had lost the passion that fuelled its patrons for the previous two centuries. Today, the IRA has been reduced to a fading memory in the collective international conscience. What remains is defeatist acquiescence; the Irish conflict’s major events did not successfully portray the Irish as victims. Instead, history has viewed the Irish conflict in the same way many Irish have perceived it themselves: a hopeless political and military quagmire against a seemingly indefatigable foe. References Hull, Roger H. (1976) The Irish Triangle: Conflict in Northern Ireland. Princeton:Princeton U P. Macardle, Dorothy. (1965) The Irish Republic. New York: Farrar, Straus, andGiroux. Kee, Robert. (1993) The Laurel and the Ivy: The Story of Charles Stewart Parnelland Irish Nationalism. Middlesex: Penguin Group. Leon O Broin and Cian O H’Eigeartaigh (ed). (1996) In Great Haste: The Lettersof Michael Collins and Kitty Kiernan. Dublin: St. Martin’s Press.

Reviewing Retail Stores Service Of The Seven Eleven Malaysia Marketing Essay

Reviewing Retail Stores Service Of The Seven Eleven Malaysia Marketing Essay The main purpose of this report critically reviewing retail stores service of the 7-Eleven Malaysia at last two years and how the main role person respond to those challenges. Concept of 7-Eleven retail stores is, to be best retailer of convenience. 7-Eleven facing two major challenges such as, how factors in the external environment and market forces. The record stores are responding to the challenges in terms of product development an innovation, marketing is being organized in local level and the relationships are developed among consumers. 7-Eleven Malaysia is first franchisor system marketer in Malaysia. 1.0 Objectives: Point out what the challenges faced 7-Eleven retail at last two years. Recommend 7-Eleven retail stores of the Malaysia as best retail marketing among all retails in Malaysia. Ensure in all process 7-Eleven retail shows targets (goals) consumers. Overall of this report only point out challenges faced of the 7-Eleven Malaysia retail at last to years. 2. Overview of the retail 2.01 Retail In April 1984, the first 7-Eleven convenience store in Malaysia was opened in Bukit Bintang Kuala Lumpur pursuant to an Amendment to the Area Service And License Agreement dated 19 April 1983 signed between 7-Eleven, Inc. (USA) (owner of the 7-Eleven branded names and various parties. 7-Eleven focus is in the operation of a chain of conveniences stores and direct selling of consumer durables with installment option schemes. 2.02 7-Eleven product 7-Eleven convenience stores commonly offer a range of grocery and food items including hot food and beverages. In contrast, many of the provision shops and mini markets offer primary grocery items. Also offer services that are usually only available in more specialized store, such as pre-paid mobile phone reload, fax, photocopying services. A selected number of 7-eleven convenience stores also sell automotive supplies and offer access to ATM. These type of products and services provided by 7-Eleven Malaysia. Product: Tobacco product, beverage, confectioneries snack foods, household good, publications, perishables and other foods. Services: Food services and in store services. The numbers of differences increase from year 1984 to year 2010 in product levels. Whichever 7-Eleven stores selling are customers expected product. Need when all shop closed at night because not all shops open 24hours. Price Malaysia 7-Eleven retail currently embarking on a program to franchise a significant proportion of existing 7-Eleven convenience stores. The franchising program will provide 7-Eleven stores with additional income derived mainly from franchising fees and will free up capital for reinvestment in areas. All 7-Eleven stores price level higher then mini market and other retail stores. But customers willing buy for higher price because only 7-Eleven open 24 hours. When the other store closed 7-Eleven open for customer needs. Price differences are RM0.20 to RM1.00. For example: Beverage and snacks normal price between RM1.20 to RM1.40 but in 7-Eleven selling around RM2.00 to RM2.30. However, in price wise 7-Eleven might competitive with other retailers. 2.04 Place 7-Eleven convenience stores are commonly located at high-traffic and easily accessible sites such as along side busy roads, highway rest stops, petrol stations, transportation hubs and shopping centers. This makes it easy and convenient for customer to visit the stores. The 7-Eleven brand names are an established and global brand name that has generated high brand name awareness among consumers. So, 1,127 7-Eleven convenience stores spread throughout to Peninsular and East Malaysia. There is good chance that 7-Eleven stores are located close to most urban customers. Surround Malaysia, 7-Eleven needed when emergency situation for consumers. Easy to purchase food and things whenever client needs. 2.05 Promotion 7-Eleven Malaysia promoted every month such as contest and promote certain products. Pick certain products reduce the price and promote for 1 month or 2 month period. Monthly highlights food and non food parties for promote 7-Eleven among public. 7-Eleven prize certificate is an ideal convenient gift as it is valid at all 7-Eleven Malaysia. 7-Eleven Malaysia visit some handicapped to contribute some foods and non food. Malaysia 7-Eleven retail won number of awarded with a National Franchisee of the Year and Best outlets sales growth categories from YB Dato Tan Lian Hoe, Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade Cooperative and Consumerism. Each month promotes 7-Eleven retails websites like own 7-Eleven websites and Facebook. 7-Eleven retails announce through newsletter as The Star, New Straits Times, See Hua Daily, Oriental Daily, Kosmo and The Sun. 2.06 Process The Retailer Initiative concept, individual 7-Eleven convenience stores prepare a sale fore cast for their goods. Each convenience store has access to 14 weeks of historical sales analysis data to help in preparing the sales fore cast (Appendix- A). Orders for goods are made based on the sales forecast. 7-Eleven stores send their orders for goods to a Business to Business vendor, which is simultaneously notified to 7-Elevens head office and the CDC. The BTB vendor aggregates orders from individual 7-Eleven convenience stores, and places orders to good vendors. A substantial portion of the goods that the group purchases for its 7-Eleven convenience stores are delivered to the groups CDC. In keeping with the flow-through warehouse concept, the CDC acts as a central clearing house that distributes goods from various vendors to individual 7-Eleven convenience stores. Some goods, such as tobacco product, products with short shelf life (such as newspaper and bread) and product that require specialist channels (such as an ice-cream and chocolate) are delivered directly from the vendor to individual 7-Eleven convenience store. The good are received by individual 7-Eleven convenience store, where they are checked to ensure that the order is complete. The goods are then placed on display at the 7-Eleven convenience stores and sold to customers. 2.07 Sales life-cycle 7-Eleven Groups inventory turnover for the year 2009 is 39days. Most of the merchandise are non-perishable with the exception of food and certain health and beauty aids (HABA) products. Such food and certain HABA products are perishable and carry expire dates. Should such products remain unsold or expire and in the event such products are not returnable, the costs of these products would be written off. This will adversely affects the results of the stores. However, 7-Eleven retails has mitigated such risk by having special arrangements with his suppliers where by most unsold or damaged products can be returned to the suppliers at their costs. The costs of these returned products will be set off against the amount owing to the respective suppliers. 3.0 Risk and Challenges 7-Eleven Malaysia faces number of risk and challenges at last two years. Through political, economical and some other retail push some difficulties. However 7-Eleven out from those difficulties become success level. 3.01 Specific Risk 7-Eleven retail affected by political such license risk, competition in the retailing and convenience store industry. Among sales cycle of perishable products return. Security risks and high turnover store operations staff. Finally, 7-Eleven retail recorded low margin among all retail group in Malaysia. 3.02 Employees well train 7-Eleven stores continuously employ and trains staff via its new Employee Training Program and Store Manager Training Program. The training centre is in KL there are also 35 training stores all over Malaysia to ensure the sufficient flow of trained workforce for 7-Eleven outlets new convenience stores. So, 7-Eleven employees know how to impress and serve customers. 3.03 Competition amongst existing retailers Consumers now enjoy a wide choice from spectrum of retail outlets ranging from small private retailers, mini markets, shopping centers to hypermarkets. The entry of foreign retail player into the market has undoubtedly intensified all areas of competition including price, quality, variety and convenience. 7-Eleven retails Group faces competition from various retailers such as 99 Speed mart, Tesco, Carrefour and Giant. Petrol kiosks such as Shell, PETRONAS, and ESSO also have ventured into the operation of convenience stores such as Select, Mesra and Tiger Mart. In terms of operations, 7-Eleven convenience stores have a distinct competitive advantage compared to other retailers because it open 24 hours a day whilst most of the other retailers do not operate on a 24 hours basis. 7-Eleven convenience stores have an advantage over petrol kiosk based convenience stores in terms of location as 7-Eleven convenience stores are not restricted geographically in terms of location where stores may be opened. Petrol kiosks, on the other hand, can only be opened in certain approved locations designated for the purpose. 3.04 Entry of new players 7-Eleven retailers also faces the inherent risk of entry of new player to the convenience change industry in Malaysia, especially established foreign convenience store giants like Circle K, am/pm, Lawson, and Family Mart which are direct competitors of 7-Eleven worldwide. Currently, the aforementioned stores do not have a presence in Malaysia, but their existence in Japan, Taiwan, Hongkong and Thailand are evidence of their interests in the East Asian region. Nonetheless, 7-Eleven convenience stores have been operating in Malaysia for 25 years and have successfully built a strong reputation, thus providing advantages to 7-Eleven retail Malaysia over renew entrants. In addition, 7-Eleven has implemented the market concentration business concept to protect its business by expanding market share and creating a dominant market position to discourage other players from entering the market. 3.05 Security Risk As the 7-Eleven convenience stores operate on a 24 hours basis it is inevitably affected by pilferage, shoplifting theft and robbery. This is a real risk faced by all 24 hours convenience stores. To mitigate such risk, all 7-Eleven convenience stores are filled with closed-circuit television and time delayed safes. In additional, 7-Eleven has taken insurance coverage for theft and robbery. 3.06 Low margins recorded by 7-Eleven However the risk arising from the low margins recorded by the 7-Eleven are mitigated through its efficient cash flow management and usage of trade lines from financial institution to fund its operations. Moving forward, the revenue of the 7-Eleven retail is expected to grow further with the full implementation of its from chaise program. The franchise programs which also aim to provide a sense of ownership to the franchisees, is anticipated to drive revenue and profit of the 7-Eleven retail and B- retail group through increased sales as well as enabling the 7-Eleven group to the free up capital for investment. 4.0 Marketing and distribution channel strategies 4.01 7-Eleven marketing strategies 7-Eleven marketing strategies for the 7-Eleven brand name is to position 7-Eleven as the convenience store of choice. 7-Eleven meet the challenge strives to create strong brand name values to associate shopping at 7-Eleven convenience stores with convenience values and choice. 7-Eleven conduct national advertisement campaigns to promote the 7-Eleven brand name. Advertisements are normally placed on television, radio and in print media such as newspaper and magazines. In addition, 7-Eleven periodically organize events and competitions to encourage customers to shop at 7-Eleven convenience stores. 4.02 Distribution channel Distribution channel strategy for 7- eleven is currently primarily based on direct distribution. 7 Elevens direct distribution strategy is executed through its chain of 7-eleven convenience stores. As at LPO, almost all of the 7-Eleven convenience stores in Malaysia are operated by 7-Eleven and CSSSB, while thirty eight (38) of 7-Eleven stores are operated by franchisees. As part of 7-elevens future plans, has begun to sign up entrepreneurs to operate existing 7-eleven convenience stores on a franchise basis. As at LPO, a total of 142 candidates have paid the deposit and initial franchise fee for the franchise program. In additional, 7-eleven formalized a joint collaboration with Perwira Niaga Malaysia (PERNAMA) in December 2009 to offer at least 100 ex-servicemen resettlement opportunity with job placement at 7-eleven stores within the next two(2) years, with the aim of becoming 7-eleven franchise. 4.03 Place 7-Eleven keep on open new stores wherever 7-eleven dont place. 7- Eleven make new operation system will facilitate to costumers. 7-Eleven will delivery good and branded product. What is consumers expected product will get in 7-Eleven. Will more convenience to consumers. 4.04 Product and Service 7-Eleven is expending food service offering at 7-Eleven convenience stores by offering new premium fresh food and beverage items to customers. 7-Eleven retails plans to work closely with fresh food manufacturers that are located close to 7-Eleven convenience stores to supply freshly prepared food items, including local specialties, for sale at 7-eleven convenience stores. 7-Eleven retails have embarked on a pilot Hot Beverage program which was launched on 19 April 2009. The goal of the Hot Beverage programme is to provide customer with both high quality and freshly brewed specialty coffee at affordable prices, available to customers 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The pilot program was a success, and 7-Eleven expects to roll out the Hot Beverage program to about 100 7-Eleven stores in 2010. 7-Eleven retails efforts to introduce new premium fresh food and beverage items at 7 -eleven convenience stores are ongoing. New items are being progressively introduced at its 7-eleven convenience stores. According to Johansson, J.K (1997), competitor is very important to improve quality of product and service makes more affordable. 5.0 Conclusion 7-Eleven retails of the Malaysia are a basically very outstanding of other retailer because of time wise and service. Since, year 1984 to 1996 growth average 60% only among other retailers. After the year of 1996 7-Eleven retails put some different afford from other retails improved 10% average. 7-Eleven was achieved challenges from difficulties. 7-Eleven growth among other retails in Malaysia and it is in top level. Competitors will continuously open same retails like 7-eleven with different name as well. 7-Eleven retails contest and promotion forward coming year and future. Contribution should forward a year two (2) or three (3) times. This will impressed consumer heart. The future plan may result in 7-Eleven retails facing business and operational risks which may include, inter alia, insufficient cash flow funding capability and inadequate experienced workforce. The mitigate these risks, director will ensure that adequate funding of store growth is available either through internally generated funds and borrowings. 7-Eleven practices stringent selection guideline and review policies before embarking on any decision to open new convenience stores. Additionally, going forward, 7-Eleven retails is not envisaged to record further interest income from its related companies in view that all non- trade debts owing by related companies outside the group have been fully settled.

French Literature in the Age of Reason :: European Europe History

French Literature in the Age of Reason The Age of Reason, or the Enlightenment, was a period in France during the 1700's following the classical age. Within this time, philosophers placed the emphasis on reason as the best method for learning. It explored issues in education, law philosophy, and politics. It attacked tyranny, social injustice, superstition, and ignorance. This time produced advances in such areas as anatomy, astronomy, chemistry, mathematics, and physics. These were the ideals taken up for both the American and French revolutions. A significant amount of the literature produced was philosophical, and written by important thinkers such as Voltaire, Denis Diderot, and Jean Jacques Rousseau. Of the above, Voltaire was the most well-known literary figure of the time. He fought against intolerance and bigotry, and worked to promote rationalism through his literary skills. His most famous work is the novel Candide (1759). As well, Voltaire wrote tragedies influenced by the works of William Shakespeare. Through his many works on European and world history, he helped develop the principles of historical writing for modern times. Denis Diderot is most famously known for editing one of the great intellectual achievements of the Enlightenment, the French Encylopà ©die (1751-1772). The Encylopà ©die is a collection of articles written by many writers in several fields. The purpose of the book was to try and rationally explain recent scientific discoveries while attacking religous authority, economic inequality, and abuses of justice. In his novel The New Heloise (1761), Jean Jacques Rousseau suggested changes in French society, and in Emile (1762) put forward the idea of change in education. The autobiography Confessions (published in 1782 and 1789 after his death) helped to create the modern works that provoke self-analysis. Rousseau, with his sensitivity to nature, brought a more lyrical and meditative sensation back to French literature. An example of this can be found in Reveries of the Solitary Stroller (1782). There are several other major writers and works that helped contribute to the literary expression during the Age of Reason. There was Montesquieu, who wrote wittingly about social critisism in Persian Letters (1721). The well-known satirical novel Gil Blas (1715-1735) written by Alain Renà © Lesage.

Essays --

According to Mondy, Noe, & Gowan (2005), global dimensions such as variations in cultural practices imply that the success of organizations depend on management’s ability to market and manage in multicultural settings. To a greater extent, organizations that operate only within one country enjoy the benefits of dealing with a relatively homogenous set of cultural, legal, and economic variables. When a company operates multiple businesses in several countries, it is not blessed with such relative uniformity (Mondy, Noe, & Gowan, 2005). Consequently, the human resource management function in multinational companies such as Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts is significantly complicated by the need to adapt human resource management procedures and policies to the differences among the various countries in which the organization operates. With respect to the case of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, there are several issues that Kathleen Taylor (President, Worldwide Operations) should focus on so as to create a balance in concepts related to cultural awareness and control mechanisms. These issues include cultural factors, economic factors, labor cost factors, and industrial relations factors. In the case of cultural factors, it is a widely accepted fact that wide-ranging cultural variations in different countries demand corresponding variations in human resource practices among an organization’s foreign subsidiaries. For example, the cultural norms in a country like Japan or other Far East countries and the importance that people place on the patriarchal system has an effect on the typical Japanese worker’s perception of his/her relationship to the employee. Consequently, this has an influence on how that person works. Such cultural diff... ...es of each business unit. The president must have the experience and capacity to manage generational and cultural diversity in the complex global environment. The communication strategy employed by the company should transmit the values, image and objectives of the company as the finest home or destination away from home that meets and exceeds the needs of diverse clients and stress it from time to time. The president should orient the organization to administer a results-driven approach. This approach sets targets for each department and ensures that those goals are achieved through evaluation and control. She should be open-minded to allow views of other departments to form the basis of her decisions. Finally, the president should keep herself abreast with the happenings in the hotel industry and benchmark accordingly through expert advice and continuous learning.

Animal Testing Should Be Outlawed Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive 20

According to Biology Online, animal experimentation is defined as the use of animals in experiments and development projects usually to determine toxicity, dosing and efficacy of test drugs before proceeding to human clinical trials. Animal experimentation has been going on since ancient Greece when Aristotle and Hippocrates first made their model of the human body based on what they had observed through animal dissection. Then, Romans used animals to do more psychological tests on animals like pigs, monkeys and dogs. After that, the Renaissance period took up physiological studies. Since then, the 20th century had a huge increase in animal testing until 1980 when activists started standing up against the labs. Activists have not been very successful at protecting the animals’ rights in some cases and the past decades have seen a noticeable increase in animal testing for many reasons (Baumans). Today, despite activist’s efforts, animal testing is still commonly used. Ne vertheless, animal testing is unethical and should be outlawed. People in favor of animal testing believe that animals are needed for any sort of medical advancement. They believe that without testing on live animals, our medical field would not be able to make improvements. Scientists assume that humans would be hindered enormously if they did not test drugs on animals before they were released to the human world. They also think that animals are tested to do various behavioral and genetic testing. People in favor of animal testing are under the impression that the animals are a great help towards psychologists in finding out more about the brain and how the human brain works. They think that without the animals, nobody would be able to fully understand how the ... ...ety. aavs.org, 2010. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. . Bantwal, Natasha. "Arguments Against Animal Testing." Buzzle.com: Intelligent Life on the Web. Buzzle.com, 2010. Web. 16 Nov 2010. against-animal-testing.html>. Baumans, V. "Use of animals in experimental research: an ethical dilemma?." Gene Therapy (2004): S64–S66. Web. 9 Nov 2010. . Goldman, Laura. "New System May Replace Lab Rats with Robots." Change.org. Change.org, 08 Aug 2010. Web. 16 Nov 2010. . "Research Alternatives." CHAI Online. CHAI Online: Concern for Helping Animals In Israel , 2010. Web. 16 Nov 2010. .

Disastrous Date

There was this time I went out on a blind date. OK, not totally blind, because I'd met this guy on the Internet, and had sort of seen pictures. But this is back in the day when Internet dating only first kicked off and digital cameras weren't what they are now. Anyway, you get the picture – the photos weren't that clear. I thought it was a bit weird that when we were corresponding the guy kept on asking how tall I was, making a real big deal out of it. In one email he said he even got out a measuring tape to convert (I only knew in cm's and he only knew in feet).Well my question was answered when I arrived (a bit late) at the fancy restaurant he had booked for us – he was tiny. OK, not that I have a problem with short guys, but I'm short for a woman, and he wasn't much taller. That and the fact that the guy was old enough to be my grandfather – early 60's at least – I was in my early 20's. In emails prior to meeting up he'd said he was older, but didn't gi ve out any specifics. I quite like older men, so it wasn't really something on the forefront of my mind, and I just assumed he'd be in the age category I had specified in my profile criteria.Well, let me just say this, there's older men and then there's just old. And this also has a lot to do with how much a guy looks after himself, his dress sense, his outlook on life etc. Dinner was long, drawn out and awkward as hell. We had zero things in common and the guy was really boring and from a totally different world and generation to me. He also had this habit of making a sort of ‘hmmmm' sound when he looked at me across the table which was totally creepy. I'm not sure if it was a nervous tick or if he thought it was a sexy kind of thing to do.At one point I had a brief vision of those small old hands touching my bare skin and I wanted to run out of there screaming. If a friend had told me this I would have said to her, why didn't you just leave? And the thing is it was such a fa ncy place, with the whole three courses, plus little things here and there from the chef, that it just didn't feel right to up and leave after the starters. Also, although we were unsuited to each other, this guy had clearly gone through some trouble to book a nice place and make it special, and I felt it would have been rude to just leave him stranded there.Finally dinner came to an end and I couldn't wait to beat it out of there. Outside he hailed a taxi for me and said in the same weirdly creepy old guy trying to be sexy voice, â€Å"You know, I don't have to be up early tomorrow morning, unless of course you want to be my alarm clock? † To which I replied (nervously laughing), â€Å"You know, unfortunately I do – have to be up early that is, maybe next time. † Before beating a hasty retreat. I guess I didn't come off much better in the date either, because I didn't hear from him after that.

Chemistry Extended Essay Essay

To investigate the ensn atomic number 18 of 2-bromo-2-m ethyl group propane niggardness and temperature of the schema on the ordinate of answer of solvolysis of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane in 90% ethyl alcoholDone by Habib Iscandar Hinn wizs Boys trainJune 22, 2007To investigate the event of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane niggardness and temperature of the system on the roam in of chemical reception of solvolysis of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane in 90% ethyl alcohol introductionThe major result of the solvolysis of t -butyl chloride in 70 % peeing 30 % dimethyl ketone is t-butyl alcohol, with a sm each(prenominal) keep down of isobutylene be doed as a by harvest-feastAnd this is with accordance of first revision energizing and suggests a ii misuse machine in which the rate project blackguard consists of the ionization of t-butyl chloride, and in this mechanism a carbon paperium ion is organize as inter- center(a) and this bonds like a shot to near by nucleophile (in this issue nucleophile is a neutral molecule) the initial product is t-butyl carbonium ion.Note1 if the nucleophile is neutral the product leave behind be charged since the leaving group mobs twain bonding negatrons away with itSo chemists withdraw proposed to general types of mechanism1- Nucleophilic replacing Sn1The ionization step in a Sn1 chemical chemical answer is endothermic and oft slower than the strength-releasing neutralization of carbonium ion by a nucleophile. And so the rate find step beingness the unimolecular ionization of the t-butyl chloride equation 4, and as a result, the all(a) overall rate of reply is non affected by convinces in the slow-wittedness or kinds of nucleophilic reagents present.Note2 the factor which determines the mechanisms employed is typically the nature of the substrate it self and not the particular nucleophileNote3 if the sum of the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactant the response is exothermic , and if the product energize higher energy than the reactant the reception is endothermic.2- Elimination E1 (elimination unimolecular)And because t-butyl chloride acts as a Lewis sharp (an electrophile) and combines with a nucleophile to give a substitution product, so the major product of the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in pee- propanone dissolver is t-butyl alcohol.(Note4 electrophile an electron deficient atom, ion or molecule that as affinity for an electron pair, and forget bond to a ascendent or nucleophile.)(Note5 nucleophile and atom, ion , or molecule that has an electron pair that may be donated in forming covalent bond to an electerophile.)Evaluating the mechanismThe solitary(prenominal) reactant that is allowing tilt in the rate ascertain step is t-butyl chloride and so such reactions is a unimolecular and follow a first mold equation (Sn1, E1). This means that the rate of the reaction varies directly with the concentration of t- butyl chloride. And sinc e nucleophilic lonesome(prenominal) move into in the fast second step, so their relative molar concentrations rather than their nucleiophilities be the primary product determining factor, and by using nucleophilic solvent like weewee, so its high concentration get out get word that alcohols are the major product, and because wet have a high dielectric immutable (e=81) so water molecule scat to orient them-selves in such a way as to decrease the static forces between ions. And an important factor is the salvations which stir to water molecules ability stabilize ions by encasing them in a sheath of lame bonded solvent molecules1- Anions are solvated by enthalpy bonding,2- Cations are solvated by nucleophilic sites on water molecule (oxygen). And in this case of t-butyl carbonium ion the nucleophiles form strong covalent bond to carbon and converting the modal(a) to a substitution product.The reaction mechanism is a sequential distinguish of each transition state and in termediate in a total reaction, the over all rate of reaction is obstinate by the transition state of highest energy in the sequence, so the rate determining step is the rate determining step for both the Sn1 and E1 for t butyl chloride.(Note 6 the water soluble organic solvent propanone is utilize to keep a reasonable concentration of t-butyl chloride in outcome)The ease equation for t-butyl chloride solvolysis in water-dimethyl ketone solvent isThe publication of concentration on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in 70 %water 30 % propanone solvent.As the reaction proceeds the effect runs more and more acidic until all of the t -butyl chloride has reacted and all HCl that can form has formed. So we will monitor the reaction by allowing HCl formed to neutralize a predetermined amount of NaOH. An index dye (bromo-phenol blue) will change likeness when the NaOH has been neutralized, and clocking of the reaction should bewilder at the crying(a).So according to kinetic metermentsRate of reaction = K t butyl chlorideWhere K is the specific rate unremitting in S -1 and t butyl chloride is the concentration of t-butyl chloride in M.Our kinetic legal professionment will depend on the determination of the amount of HCl produced by the reaction, so by monitoring the saturation change of the acid base indicator, we will determine the eon required for 10% of t-butyl chloride to hydrolyze by having 10 % as much NaOH present as T-butyl chloride.Rate = d Rcldt Where Rcl =-dt Rcl = K RcldtRearranging,d Rcl = -K dtRclAnd integrating for t=0 to t=t will give=Ln Rcl t Ln Rcl 0 = Kt 2.303 pound Rcl 0 = KtRcl t2.303 lumberarithm Rcl 0 = KtRcl tWhere Rcl 0 is the molar concentration at duration t = 0Rcl t is the molar concentration at clock sequence t = t twain methods to place K1- since the equationKt = 2.303 Log Rcl 0Rcl tIs an equation of a true(a) line (y=mx+b) with position k. and intercept =0, a plot of 2.303 pound Rcl 0 / Rcl t versus t should gift a straight line with careen k.2- if the solvolysis reaction run to 10% utmostThen,Rcl = 0.90 Rcl 0Kt = 2.303 Log Rcl 0 = 2.303 log (1.11)0.90 Rcl 0And therefore,K = 0.104TSo by purpose the value of K and compensate it in the rate of reaction equation Rate = KRcl where the concentration of Rcl is cognize we can calculate the value of the rate of reaction and we will see its proceeds on the solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70% water 30 % dimethyl ketone origin.The effect of temperature on the solvolysis of t -butyl chloride in 70%water 30% acetone solvent.In nearly every display case an increase in temperature causes an increase in the rate of reaction, because the total component of all of the t butyl chloride 1molecules having energies equal to or great than activating energy (Ea)Corresponds to the shaded portion of the athletic field under the curve increases by increase the temperature and by comparing the area for twain contrasting temperature, w e see that the total fraction of t- butyl chloride molecules with sufficient kinetic energy to undergo reaction increases with increasing temperature and consequently, so does the reaction rate.Note7 ever-changing the concentration affects the rate of reaction changing the temperature affects the rate incessant as well as the rate.By finding the values of reaction rate immutable K for several(predicate) concentration of t-butyl chloride and different reaction temperature, we will find the effect of temperature on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water acetone solvent.Quantitatively, K (s-1) is related to Ea and T by the equationK1 = Ae-Ea/RT1 1Ea is the activation energy, in joule / mole. (Jmol-1)A is a rest constant, in s-1R is the gas constant = 8.314 Jmol-1K-1e is the base of the natural logarithms.T is temperature in Kelvin.This relation ship is know as Arrhenius equationWe measure Ea by taking the natural logarithm of eq.1Ln K = ln A EaRTThus, a plot of ln k versus 1 /T gives a straight line whose slope is equal to -Ea/R and whose intercept with coordinate is ln ANote8 Ea is the activation energy, a constant characteristic of the reactionWe can calculate the rate constant at some specific temperature if Ea and K at some other temperature are known.For whatever temp. T1 (known), Ea (known), K1 (known)K1 = A e -Ea/RT1For any other T2 (known) (K2 unknown)K2 = A e -Ea/RT2By dividing K1 over K2K1 = A e -Ea/RT1K2 A e -Ea/RT2Taking natural logarithm of both sides, we getLn K1 = Ea (1/T2 1/T1).K2 ROr in common logarithms (base 10 logarithms) givesLog K1 = Ea (1/T2 1/T1)K2 2.303 RAnd by finding the value of K2 we will be able to find the rate of reaction at T2 and we will find the effect of temperature on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70 % water 30 % acetone theme.By finding the values of reaction rate constant K for different concentration of t-butyl chloride and different reaction temperature, we will find the effect of concentrat ion and temperature on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water acetone solvent. forcePart A the effect of concentration on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent.a-data-based unconscious process to measure the succession necessity for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at board temperature.A, a, I-1- determine 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone notwithstanding and retch it in an Erlenmeyer flaskfulfulfulfulfulfulfulful and notice it 1.2- bring in 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH settlements (in water) and redact it in an Erlenmeyer and approximate it 2.3- development a burette take 30 ml of the solution in flask 1 and put it in other Erlenmeyer and recording tag it 3.4- By a gradatory pipette take 3 ml of atomic number 11 hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 4.5- exploitation a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of dis cashboxed water added to an Erl enmeyer flask 4.6- put up ii drops of Bromo-phenol blue indicator to flask 4.A, a, II-1- Add rapidly the solution in Erlenmeyer flask 4 to solution in flask 3 and become the go bad expect to total for time in seconds.2- spin the kind and aft(prenominal) one or two seconds at once pour the have solutions abide into Erlenmeyer flask 4 to calumniate the errors in the results.3- The deform of the mixed solutions is blue, so have-to doe with swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask 4 till the instant color of the solution jump out changing to yellow(a), then we stop the stop meet and eternalize the time.4- Repeat the cognitive process at to the lowest degree three multiplication and calculate the average.5- put off the results in learn A.b- experimental procedure to measure the time incumbent for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.2 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at room temperature.A, b, I-1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.2 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 1.2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 2.3- utilise a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask 1 and put it in some other Erlenmeyer flask and label it 3.4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 4.5- exploitation a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to an Erlenmeyer flask 4.6- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to Erlenmeyer flask 4.A, b, II-1- Add quickly the solution in an Erlenmeyer flask 4 to solution in flask 3 and wampum the stop watch to count for time in seconds.2- Swirl the mixture and by and by one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into an Erlenmeyer flask 4 to minimize the errors in the results.3- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask 4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow, then we stop the stopwatch and record the time.4- Repeat the procedure at least three propagation and calculate the average.5- Tabulate the results in record A.Part B the effect of temperature on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent.a-Experimental procedure to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at zero Celsius degree.B, a, I-1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 1.2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 2.3- development a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask 1and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 3.4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 4.5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to Erlenmeyer flask 4.6- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to Erlenmeyer flask 4.B, a, II-1- Suspend the Erlenmeyer flasks in a water bath full with ice and water, allowing the temperature of the Erlenmeyer flasks and their limit to equilibrate for ex minutes.2- Adding quickly the solution in Erlenmeyer flask 4 to solution in Erlenmeyer flask 3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds.3- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into Erlenmeyer flask 4 to minimize the errors in the results.4- The color of the solution after that will become blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask 4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow we stop the stop watch and record the time5- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average.6- Tabulate the results in record B.b-Experimental procedure to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chlor ide (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at a temperature greater than room temperature by ten degrees.B, b, I-1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 1.2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 2.3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask 1 and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 3.4- By a graduated pipette put 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it 4.5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to Erlenmeyer flask 4.7- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to flask 4.B, b, II-1- Suspend the flasks 3 and 4 in a water bath full with ice and water, allowing the temperature of the flasks and their circumscribe to equilibrate for ten minutes.(to reach the temperature of the water bath)2- Adding quickly the solution in flask 4 to solution in flask 3 and s tart the stop watch to count for time in seconds.3- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into flask 4 to minimize the errors in the results.4- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in flask 4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow we stop the stopwatch and record the time5- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average.6- Tabulate the results in record B. leger ARun numberTemperature time of 10 % reaction median(a) time / secondsRecord BRun numberTemperatureTime required for 10% reactionAverage time/secondsAverage time/ secondsReferences* E. Brady, James. E. Humiston, Gerard., ecumenical Chemistry Principles and Structure, second edition, SI version, antic Willy and sons, Inc.* Brewester, Vaderwerf and McEwen. Unitized Experiments in constituent(a) Chemistry, third Ed.* Streitwieser, Andrew. H. Heathcock, Clayton. Introduction to Organic Chem istry.* H. Reusch, William. An Introduction to Organic Chemistry.* J. Laidler, Keith. Chemical kinetics. 2nd ed.* Search engines that where usedo www.google.como www.yahoo.com* Goldwhite, Harold. R. Spielman, John. College Chemistry, 1984