Interference Colors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interference Colors - Essay ExampleInterference colors ar thus an effect that emanates because different substances have different index of reflection (Ulery, & Drees 185).Birefringence is the variation in the indices of reflection. Interference colors can be dumb by utilizing color charts that are contained in most of the course readings. If the thickness of an area is known, then the birefringence can be determined from the interference color. virtually extreme birefringence can be analytic of a mineral when utilized with different properties. If the thin segment contains a known mineral, with a imprisoned scope of birefringence, then the interference color can be utilized to focus the thickness of the segment (Haldar, & Josip 50). Standard slender areas are 30 microns thick. meagre segments thicker than 30 microns will deliver higher interference colors. Interference colors rehash. Nevertheless, high aver colors can be recognized from lower order ones by watching the margins between gemstones or those crystals at the edges of the minor segment. These zones of a thin area are frequently more slender and will designate an arrangement of lower interference

Celebrities as Role Models Essay Example for Free

Celebrities as Role Models EssayThe Supreme homage rule against a former high tame pupil Monday in the bong Hits 4 Jesus pennon case a split decision that limits students free public lecture rights. Joseph Frederick was 18 when he unveiled the 14-foot paper press on a public sidewalk outside his Juneau, Alaska, high cultivate in 2002. Principal Deborah international international Morse code code confiscated it and suspended Frederick. He sued, taking his case all the mode to the nations highest mash. The justices ruled that Fredericks free delivery rights were not violated by his suspension over what the majoritys written opinion called a sophomoric banner. It was reasonable for (the lead story) to conclude that the banner promoted ineligible dose use and that failing to act would send a powerful message to the students in her charge, Chief Justice John Roberts wrote for the courts 6-3 majority. Breyer noted by the piece he would drop dead Morse qualified immunit y from the lawsuit, but did not sign onto the majoritys broader free speech limits on students.Roberts added that while the court has limited student free speech rights in the past, young people do not give up all their prime(prenominal) Amendment rights when they enter a school. Roberts was supported by Justices Antonin Scalia, Anthony Kennedy, Clarence Thomas, Stephen Breyer, and Samuel Alito. Breyer noted separately he would give Morse qualified immunity from the lawsuit, but did not sign onto the majoritys broader free speech limits on students. In dissent, Justice John capital of Minnesota Stevens say, This case began with a silly nonsensical banner, (and) ends with the court inventing out of whole cloth a special First Amendment rule permitting the censorship of any student speech that mentions do drugss, so long as someone could perceive that speech to contain a latent pro-drug message.He was backed by Justices David Souter and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. At issue was the discret ion schools should be allowed to limit messages that appear to advocate illegal drug use. Bong, as noted in the appeal filed with the justices, is a slang status for drug paraphernalia. The incident occurred in January 2002 just outside school grounds when the Olympic torch relay was moving through the Alaska capital on its way to the Salt Lake City, Utah, Winter Games. Though he was rest on a public sidewalk, the school argued Frederick was part of a school- sanction event, because students were let out of classes and accompanied by their teachers.Morse ordered the senior to take down the sign, but he refused. That led to a 10-day suspension for violating a school policy on promoting illegal drug use. Frederick filed suit, saying his First Amendment rights were infringed. A federal appeals court in San Francisco agreed, concluding the school could not show Frederick had disrupted the schools educational mission by showing a banner off campus. Former independent counsel Kenneth St arr argued for the principal that a school must be able to fashion its educational mission without undue hindsight from the courts. http//articles.cnn.com/2007-06-25/justice/free.speech_1_principal-deborah-morse-banner-case-school-policy/2?_s=PMLAWhttp//www.aclu.org/free-speech/aclu-slams-supreme-court-decision-student-free-speech-caseWASHINGTON The American Civil Liberties Union today criticized the Supreme Courts 5-4 ruling in Morse v. Frederick, which held that Alaska public school officials did not violate a students free speech rights by punishing him for displaying a banner during a public event. We are spoil by the Supreme Courts ruling, which allows the censorship of student speech without any evidence that school activities were disrupted, said Douglas K. Mertz, an ACLU cooperating attorney who argued the case before the Supreme Court. The case arose in 2002 when Joseph Frederick, then a student at Juneau-Douglas High School in Juneau, Alaska, was suspended for 10 days fo r holding up a humorous sign that the principal interpreted as a pro-drug message. As the ACLU and Mertz noted, the sign caused no disruption, was displayed at the Olympic Torch Relay a public event on public passs and Frederick had not yet arrived at school for the day.The Courts ruling imposes new restrictions on student speech rights and creates a drug exception to the First Amendment, said Steven R. Shapiro, ACLU National Legal director. The decision purports to be narrow, and the Court rejected the most sweeping arguments for school censorship. But because the decision is based on the Courts view some the value of speech concerning drugs, it is difficult to know what its impact will be in other cases involving unpopular speech. The Court cannot have it both ways, Shapiro added. Either this speech had nothing to do with drugs, which is what Joe Frederick claimed all along, or it was suppressed because school officials disagreed with the viewpoint it expressed on an issue th at is very much the subject of debate in Alaska and around the country.Frederick said that the phrase on the banner, Bong Hits 4 Jesus, was never meant to have any substantive meaning. It was certainly not intended as a drug or religious message. I conveyed this to the principal by explaining it was intended to be funny, subjectively interpreted by the reader and most importantly an make of my inalienable right to free speech. The ACLU noted that the ruling is limited to rights under federal law rather than Alaska state law, which is more protective of personal liberties. The disturb to defend free speech will go on, both in this case and in others, Mertz said. We are grateful for the many Alaskans and Americans who rallied to defend the First Amendment and arrangement our continued support for civil liberties.The case attracted support from more than a dozen groups across the ideological spectrum, from the conservative American Center for Law and Justice, Christian Legal Society and Rutherford Institute to the Student Press Law Center, Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Drug Policy Alliance and National Coalition Against Censorship. more information on the case is online at www.aclu.org/frederick The decision is online at www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/archives/06-278_All.pdf In addition to Mertz and Shapiro, attorneys for Frederick are Catherine Crump and Jonathan Miller of the national ACLU and Jason Brandeis, Legal Director of the ACLU of Alaska. http//www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/06-278.ZS.htmlAt a school-sanctioned and school-supervised event, petitioner Morse, the high school principal, saw students unfurl a banner stating BONG HiTS 4 JESUS, which she regarded as promoting illegal drug use. Consistent with established school policy prohibiting such messages at school events, Morse directed the students to take down the banner. When one of the students who had brought the banner to the event answering Frederickrefused, Morse confiscated the b anner and later suspended him. The school superintendent upheld the suspension, explaining, inter alia, that Frederick was disciplined because his banner appeared to advocate illegal drug use in infringement of school policy. Petitioner school board also upheld the suspension. Frederick filed suit under 42 U. S. C. 1983, alleging that the school board and Morse had violated his First Amendment rights.The District Court granted petitioners summary judgment, ruling that they were entitled to qualified immunity and that they had not infringed Fredericks speech rights. The Ninth Circuit reversed. Accepting that Frederick acted during a school-authorized activity and that the banner expressed a positive sentiment about marijuana use, the court nonetheless found a First Amendment violation because the school punished Frederick without demonstrating that his speech threatened meaning(a) disruption. It also concluded that Morse was not entitled to qualified immunity because Fredericks rig ht to display the banner was so intelligibly established that a reasonable principal in Morses position would have understood that her actions were unconstitutional.Held Because schools may take steps to safeguard those entrusted to their feel for from speech that can more or less be regarded as encouraging illegal drug use, the school officials in this case did not violate the First Amendment by confiscating the pro-drug banner and suspending Frederick. Pp. 515. (a) Fredericks argument that this is not a school speech case is rejected. The event in question occurred during normal school hours and was sanctioned by Morse as an approved social event at which the districts student- take over rules expressly applied. Teachers and administrators were among the students and were charged with supervising them. Frederick stood among other students across the street from the school and directed his banner toward the school, making it plainly visible to most students.Under these circumsta nces, Frederick cannot claim he was not at school. Pp. 56. (b) The Court agrees with Morse that those who viewed the banner would interpret it as advocating or promoting illegal drug use, in violation of school policy. At least two interpretations of the banners quarrelthat they constitute an imperative encouraging viewers to smoke marijuana or, alternatively, that they celebrate drug usedemonstrate that the sign promoted such use. This pro-drug interpretation gains further plausibleness from the paucity of alternative meanings the banner might bear. Pp. 68. (c) A principal may, consistent with the First Amendment , restrict student speech at a school event, when that speech is reasonably viewed as promoting illegal drug use.In Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist., 393 U. S. 503 , the Court declared, in holding that a policy prohibiting high school students from wearing antiwar armbands violated the First Amendment , id., at 504, that student expression may not b e suppressed unless school officials reasonably conclude that it will materially and substantially disrupt the work and discipline of the school, id., at 513. The Court in Bethel School Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser, 478 U. S. 675 , however, upheld the suspension of a student who delivered a high school assembly speech employing an elaborate, graphic, and explicit sexual metaphor, id., at 678. Analyzing the case under Tinker, the lower courts had found no disruption, and therefore no basis for discipline. 478 U. S., at 679680. This Court reversed, holding that the school was within its permissible authority in imposing sanctions in response to the students offensively raunchy and indecent speech. Id., at 685.Two basic principles may be distilled from Fraser. First, it demonstrates that the constitutional rights of students in public school are not automatically coextensive with the rights of adults in other settings. Id., at 682. Had Fraser delivered the same speech in a public forum ou tside the school context, he would have been protected. See, id., at 682683. In school, however, his First Amendment rights were circumscribed in light of the special characteristics of the school environment.Tinker, supra, at 506. Second, Fraser established that Tinkers mode of analysis is not absolute, since the Fraser Court did not manoeuver the substantial disruption analysis. Subsequently, the Court has held in the Fourth Amendment context that while children assuredly do not shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse gate, the personality of those rights is what is appropriate for children in school, Vernonia School Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U. S. 646 , and has recognized that deterring drug use by schoolchildren is an importantindeed, perhaps compelling interest, id., at 661. Drug abuse by the Nations youth is a serious problem.For example, Congress has declared that part of a schools job is educating students about the dangers of drug abuse, see, e.g., the gumsho e and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act of 1994, and petitioners and many other schools have adopted policies aimed at implementing this message. Student speech celebrating illegal drug use at a school event, in the presence of school administrators and teachers, poses a particular challenge for school officials working to protect those entrusted to their care. The special characteristics of the school environment, Tinker, 393 U. S., at 506, and the governmental interest in stopping student drug abuse allow schools to restrict student expression that they reasonably regard as promoting such abuse. Id., at 508, 509, distinguished. Pp. 815.http//web.law.duke.edu/publiclaw/supremecourtonline/certgrants/2006/morvfre.html Frederick sued Morse, the principal of his high school, under 42 U.S.C. 1983, alleging that his First Amendment rights had been violated when Morse suspended him for ten days after he unfurled a banner with the message Bong hits 4 Jesus during a televised parade. T he parade took place during the school day students had been released from school to watch the parade faculty were present and loosely supervising the event. Frederick was standing across the street from the school when he displayed the banner. Frederick unsuccessfully appealed his suspension administratively before filing his civil rights claim in district court. The district court ruled in favor of the principal.The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed, holding that the case was governed by Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, in which the Supreme Court held that school authorities may only suppress the speech of students at school if the authorities can reasonably predict substantial disruption of or material interference with school activities as a result of the speech. Noting that Morse could not have been concerned about the disruption of educational activities resulting from Fredericks speech, the Ninth Circuit reasoned that Morse could not punish Fr edericks non-disruptive, off-campus speech, even though he was a student, the speech took place during a school-authorized activity, and the speech promoted a social message contrary to the one favored by the school.Finally, the Ninth Circuit held that Morse was not entitled to qualified immunity from money damages, because her conduct violated Fredericks constitutional rights, the right was clearly established under the law, and it would be clear to a reasonable principal that her conduct was unlawful in the slur she confronted.

Internship Essay Example for Free

Internship EssayGetting an opportunity to work with Cr suffer Global Consulting, LLC as an intern was a great work for me owing to the great value the internship has afforded me. Contrary to what I had expected, the cleaveicipation, located in Lincoln, snaps me with the opportunity to interact with other organizations and to virtually do all that is in bed with valet de chambre resource management, employee relations, and career development.I started off with a formal interview with the companys human resources manager and having applied for the internship via the internet I was a bit surprised when the interview centered on my personal as well as professional skills. Specifically, the company needed an intern able-bodied of leading, deciding, informing, advising, managing problems and evaluating results. In my opinion, my military and international travel experience is what convinced the manager to take me on board. Discussion I started my internship in May 2010 and I b elieve to finish it in December 2010.As part of my learning objects, I will be involved in supporting the HR manager in employee recognition programs and career development. To achieve this, I work closely with the HR manager and so get to learn a lot about the contrastive ways through which companies reward their employees. In most cases, the employees are rewarded for their outstanding performance, excellent attendance records each yr, participation in activities sponsored by the company, and volunteering their service for the agencies that the company is involved with. As part of career development, employees are encouraged to further their education and training.The costs thereof are covered by the company. Serving as a liaison officer with the communities and/or outside agencies regarding their human resource programs, I affirm had the chance to work with the American Heart Association (AHA) specifically working with local AHA personnel in submitting an award application for the company. I have had to gather information on what the company does to promote healthy living. The vendors we have worked with provide us with healthy food options and we had exercise programs available for the employees to take part in.I had to go through past records to find out how numerous employees had participated in the health screening program that was provided by the company. This helped me to understand what the companys past practices were. I also got to work with several food vendors that offered provide services at the companys luncheons. I have also been involved in providing guidance in matters of employment law. I got to research on some of the grievances that were filed against the company and did research on the historical actions the company took whenever employees filed grievances against it.I had to search past records and ascertain how each situation was handled, the most important affaire being to understand why the decision was do in that manner. I hav e come to understand that the greatest challenges that face the company and which need human resource representatives in the company to work on are the annual and family medical leaves. I have to admit that I found this to be the hardest part to learn. There were many rules and laws that could be applied to situations and I had to look at every situation unalikely and from different angles before making any decision.It was made clear to me never to make any decision without the full knowledge of the case as it could end up in court. I identified a few FMLA cases where employees had gone for long periods of time without proper notification from the relevant health practitioners. Part of my duties during the internship has been to promote healthy lifestyles and the project I have worked on is to promote a walking program which entailed walking from Lincoln, NE to Hawaii. I have had to keep track of the number of miles covered, the number of people that took part in the program, and d etermine the amount of money that had to be spent on prizes.For prizes, we obtained baseball tickets to a local game, gift cards, and/or Hawaiian-themed prizes. This was the most rewarding part of my internship for it was an precedent avenue for me to meet people including the employees. The hardest part of working in human relations has been ensuring that I am well versed with the standards of the Affirmative Actions (AA) plan. Each year we have the Department of Labor officials coming and assessing the eccentric of employees that we have working in the company.They consider the diversity of Lincoln and require that businesses have the same type of diversity in their workforce. After the evaluation, we get a proposal indicating where we are meeting the requirements and the areas we need to improve on. The majority of our employees are White Americans, indicating that our diversity is not enough. My concern was how recruitment has to be done in order to balance between diversity and qualification but I came to understand that although the most sufficient people ought to be employed, the company has to strive to meet the AA requirements.I also learned that the company has to keep good records of all the applicants and be able to offer the reasons for selecting the ones that got hired. One of the most interesting things about my internship was that I worked with a union that was responsible for the protection of the employees. The union files grievances if the employees are being treated unfairly. However, in my own opinion, there was no need for such a union because there are enough laws in place to protect workers. This is especially so because to be members employees have to pay a monthly fee.Conclusion My internship has been a most fulfilling experience. On the whole, I have learned a lot regarding dealing with different people in different situations. This has been a lesson that is so invaluable for me. I have also been able to learn good communication skills and have have a team player. On a general note, I think I have had much to learn about the real business world. For me, therefore, my internship at Crown Global Consulting, LLC has offered me valuable learning experience.

Human Population and the Environment - Urbanization Essay Example for Free

Human Population and the Environment Urbanization EssayUrbanization can simply be seen as the movement and concentration of large populations upon an urban line of business at the detriment of the rural populous. This is due to a complex set of economic, demographic, social, cultural, technological, and environmental processes (P. Knox, 2009). Our stem narrows down to the correlation of urbanization and the environment. To start with, a moment of environmental benefits can be realized due to urbanization For instance urban areas abridge large populations in a relatively small area thus there is more free forestry land. Plus a compact, concentrated urban area means more people walking and less number of cars on the road, consequently fewer carbon emissions from usage of cars. Conversely, there are a number of challenges posed to the environment due to urbanization. The mass exodus of people into urban areas have had a strain on infrastructure and led to poor sanitization and housing that leads to environmental degradation.Poor planning leads also leads to air, water and noise pollution due to industries and community settlements. We see this issue addressed in the Moroccan Shelter upgrading in Agadir. Faced with substandard housing and shanty towns inhabited by an ever increasing populous, three chucks are set up, one of which is the Tikiouine project that comprises of three housing areas being developed and integrates community participation and responsibility concerning their sewer lines and tertiary water.In addition, the Tilburg city management model offers a sustainable five step integrated approach to administration of social, economic and environmental policies in a city. The Tilburg model implements these policies up to the neighborhood level. Thus ensures that a introductory Quality is maintained and thus minimizing environmental deprivation.

Business Plan for Start-Up

Business Plan for Start-Up The business organisation Plan.Synopsis.For this assignment we as a group absorb been asked to produce a business plan with supporting analysis and justification. The find of the business plan is to focus on convincing the community stakeholders of the viability of your high society start up. The justification includes evidence relating to the rigour of the w ar selection and the content of our plan.Introduction.A business plan is a written documentation of which describes the business, the objectives of the business, its strategies, the commercialise of which the business is in and the financial forecasts. The business plan has m whatever functions, from securing external funding to measuring the success with the business itself.It essential when starting up a business for a business to fork up a realistic working business plan.Our business plan is a statement of intent and provides details on how we as a order atomic number 18 going to develop o ur business, when we are going to do it, whos going to play a part and how we as a group entrust manage the m stary. The Business Plan.The executive summaryOur comp any is a Young Enterp turn up company trading in imported and home-brewed harvest-feasts for the product market place. We as a company aim to produce and sell a variety of greeting card game and cds of which are homemade to the general public. An age population will enhance demand for unique(predicate) card types. The types of cards that there whitethorn be an subjoind demand of cards that there may be an increased demand for include Retirements Anniversary Birthdays Christmas Easter Valentines Day, mothers and fathers day cardsHandmade cards are likely to continue growing in popularity as card sender memorizek to a greater extent and more to express their own individuality.The business, its products and servicesThe business.ASGO4 is a unique candle and cards merchandising company we offer a variety vagabond of products which include in all sorts of various candles and cards for any all kind of special occasions to meet all needs.The company ASGO4 consists of 5 dedicated members who aim to grow this company to achieve a successful business.Product and services.We pay off a wide trudge of cards to suite various needs and for all special occasions, i.e. birthdays, anniversarys, valentine and exams.Exam congratulation cards and best wishes for courses can turn over a wide range of market these cards will entertain a good selling point within Staffordshire University. (Refer to appendix 1.)Competition comparisonASG04 products contain many features that distinguish them from those produced by competitors. ASGO4 products are handmade and are to suite all special occasions. The quality of the candles and cards are produced at a magnificent level, even to the untrained eye, which makes ASGO4 products more realistic. ASGO4 are unique and offer a wide range of candles, non many similar prod ucts is uncommitted in the domestic market.TechnologyASGO4 products are generally handmade some of the products produce by, ASGO4 will be provided by wholesalers, these products that are produced by wholesalers will be produced at a professional level.Future productsASGO4 aim to turn into a successful business, by providing a wide range of candles and cards to meet all requirements. The candles that are provided by ASGO4 have a likely market, as they can be practised for many special occasions.What benefits its offers.ASGO4 products offer great benefits to its customers because what we provide to you cannot be provided to you from else where.Customers would buy our products because our products are different compared to whats already avail able on the market, so this makes ASGO4 more appealing to its customers.Product facilities The main facility, we will use is the market livestock, within our market store e will have a wide range of space to ostentation our products, we wil l use tables and colourful table cloths which we will hire, we will use the table cloths to make our tables of display colourful and appealing.Some candles and cards will be hand made by the members of the ASGO4, but these will be simple products, we will do this precisely to widen our range of products.Information technologyInformation technology is of a part of the almost every business day to day life. We will use a promotional information technology light beam which will done by are of our class colleagues, he will promote our company ASGO4 and this will create awareness of our company, what we offer and where we are based in Newcastle.The markets and competitors on that point are a number of competitors of which we have to consider, the types of candle competitors of which we have to consider are Johnson Wax Glade known as air-care candles. Bousius (UK) Ltd. Dane. Yankee Candle Ltd. British Candlemakers Federation. Colony Gift Corporation Ltd. Prices Patent Candle company L td.The types of card competitors of which we have to consider are Birthdays. Clintons. Hallmark. Card Factory. marketing and salesMarket SegmentationEnhancement candles unscentedRetail sales of unscented candles were 48 cardinal in 2000, a rise of 27% all over 1996. They number for 50%, by value, of the enhancement sector, compared with a share of 62% in 1996. Figure 7 provides trends since 1996. Growth within the unscented candles sector is decelerating, as purchase of scented candles becomes more popular. Unscented candles include coloured household candles, which can be used as ornaments as well as for lighting. legion(predicate) are purchased to match household dcor, as well as to create a relaxing ambience during dinner parties.Enhancement candles scentedIt is the fragranced candle sector which is fuelling growth within the candles market overall. Retail sales of scented candles are estimated at 48 million for 2000. This demonstrates a rise of 106% since 1996. Scented c andles account for an estimated 34% of the total candle market and 50% of the enhancement sector by value. Functional candles tea lightsTea lights have reached the mature stage of the product lifecycle, world one of the first candle variations to be introduced into the UK after traditional white household candles. For this reason, value market growth is set to slow over the next few years, although they remain popular as they are so versatile. In 2000, tea light sales were 27 million, a 10% increase on 1996. They accounted for some 19% of all candle sales in 2000, which is a decline of 6 percentage points since 1996, reflecting a drop in legal injury points rather than usage.Emergency candlesRetail sales of emergency candles ( principally white household candles) are declining slowly and were 4 million in 2000. This compares to almost 7 million in 1996. Mintel s consumer research indicates that as many as 18% of housewives had either bought or get white household candles within the six months to January 2001, although not all will have been bought for emergency use single. Figure 10 demonstrates trends since 1996.Air care candlesAir-care candles designed for freshening air/masking odours are increasing in popularity. According to Mintel s consumer research, around a third of housewives use candles as air fresheners in 2001 and one quarter claim to have bought or received scented candles made by air freshener companies. The air-care candles market was worth 14 million in 2000, almost three times the value of 1996 sales. It is still at the growth stage of the product lifecycle, with many of the products being relatively new. Figure 11 provides trends in the air-care candles market between 1996 and 2000. Target market segment outlineTarget market Enhancement candles scentedScented candles have experienced a considerable growth in popularity since 1998, with 63% of housewives having purchased or received them during the six months prior to the survey. Th is reflects trends within the market place generally. A quarter of candles purchased or received are scented. Consequently, our company aims to import and sell scented candles since the scented candle is the most popular and profitable candle category so far. Candle industryMajor factors influencing the market The candles market is influenced by a number of factors. Purchased primarily by women, the growth in the number of women working has impacted positively on candles sales, because of a subsequent increase in discretionary income and financial independence. There has been a shift in lifestyle patterns, with a growing trend towards alternative healthcare and aromatherapy, and a revival in the popularity of pot pourri and incense, all of which have had a positive influence on candle sales, especially within the fragranced sector. There are also seasonal variations, with garden candles naturally performing mitigate in the summer during usage of barbecues, or Christmas candles with special Christmas colours and fragrances for the Christmas period. Changes in the age structure of the population have also served to boost sales of sure candle types. For example, the young age group has expanded, boosting sales of the more fashionable floating candles which have a high purchase rate among this age group. intentness participants (Main competitors)Colony Gift Corporation Ltd Colony Gift Corporation is the UKs leading quality candle representr and claims to be the largest producer of scented candles in Europe. Colonys overturn in 1999 was 22 million, up 21.5% on 1998 turnover of 18.1 million. It employs more than 460 people and its brands are available in over 70 countries. Prices Patent Candles Company Ltd The company produces candles and related accessories. It offers a wide range of candles for all occasions, including scented and aromatherapy outdoor lighting Christmas and Easter as well as decorative candles and the more traditional church-style candles.Yank ee Candle (Europe) Ltd Yankee candles are positioned as premium-quality, giftworthy candles for the purpose of home fragrancing. Fragrances are numerous and include sage and citrus, spiced apple, honeysuckle, French vanilla and spiced pear.Bolsius (UK) Ltd Bolsius (UK) Ltd is owned by NLD Bolsius International BV. The company has been active in the UK for over 15 years. Only about 40% of the companys output is sold through retail outlets, while or so 25% of sales are to religious institutions and 35% to the catering trade.Johnson Wax Johnson Wax is owned by the US company SC Johnson Son Inc and is a major player in a number of household goods products, notably household cleaning agents and polishes. The company leads the air freshener sector, with most of its marketing effort position behind the Glade brand.(Refer to the business justification Ansoff product/market matrix and Boston matrix to assess marketing and business phylogenesis strategies).The team skills indoors ASGO4 t here is in total five dedicated rung members of whom all have different roles within the business itself. Below is a list of the roles each of the staff members have and also entails a description of what they are responsible for within the roles and what types of skills are required for each of the rolesTeam skills should identify the strengths of the teams the plans to deal with any obvious weakness.Leadership.Managing director is ultimately responsible for the other members of staff, shareholders of the business the managing director needs to exercise all of the leadership skills as well as fragility fairness strength. A managing director is responsive for encouraging teamwork.Administration.Company secretary are responsible for the co -ordination, communication organisation of all the areas relating to our company ASGO4. The specific roles of being the companys secretary include the following Completing registration documents Keeping the share register Keep records Admini strating company meetings Organising agendas minutesFinance.Finance director is responsible for financial resource management, it is the job of the finance director to keep track of the money and also need to plan, know and record where the money is coming from, whos got it and where its going. solely financial transitions should be recorded by the financial director and to communicate financial progress to members of the team. Other roles of the financial director includes doing the banking and work a aboard with the company secretary on the company share and responsibilities to shareholders.The financial director is also responsible for calculating and paying the young enterprise and corporation tax.Marketing.Marketing director need to use their innovation and creative skills in taking a key role in identifying market and opportunities as well as defining product or service charlatanistic. The main responsibilities include PR and advertising for the company, as well as carrying out market research and customer observation to help to maintain customer satisfaction.Operations.Operations director are responsible for product and service development, their role is the ensure that a method of surgical procedure is decides and organise the production of the company products and service, an operations director is responsible for purchasing raw materials, stock, supply and demand of finished items. Health and safety of the other staff members and customers should be one of the operation director concerns.The operationASGO4 will buy candles from its wholesalers and then put its products on the market, we will use a market store in Newcastle market, and we will display all our products there within the market.Newcastle market is amongst one of the biggest markets in Stoke-On -Trent, so this enables us to target a wide range of audiences this will make our products more appealing as there are huge crowds in the market that we could attract.The main advantage of our locations is that as Newcastle market is one of the busiest markets to people from all background and different social class attend this market and this is a great opportunity to take advantage of this because we will have a wide range of audiences.Financial forecastsAfter financial forecast, such as specie flow and Profit and Loss Account, we have just started our business ASG04. And we are only preceded in one month preceded January 2005. Our business is running slow. So, it will take time to pick up. We have a good target market in Newcastle market. We have a wide range of target range in this aspect. Newcastle market is amongst one of the busiest open market in Stoke-On-Trent. We only have a few expenses, such as motor petrol, premises and equipment hire. As our expenses are very low, this allows us to increase our profit margin. Because of low expenditure, we have a low cost that means our price of product will not be set very high. Our business will have liberal working c apital to survive because of our low cost. We intended to raise a huge amount of money as our product attracts a wide range of target audience. We expect to make a substantial amount of profit as we proceded without business. (Refer to appendix 2.)Business Justification.A business plan is produced to convince shareholders, banks to dress into our business. The concept of the business is purchasing pre-produced products i.e. candles and some cases producing products. The products that will be sold will be aimed to various age groups. In order for the business to see success and make a profit it is important to ensure that costs are kept to a minimum. the business will focus on selling various types of candles i.e. scented, unscented, floating etc. our products bought from manufactured will not be sold as they are, they will be bundles and sold as gift packs for example. This methods makes the product unique and be able to make a profit. For example, 1 large candle will cost the busi ness approximately 60p. If the product was sold as apart of a set of various candles i.e. sizes, colures and sold for 5.00. This one candle may make a profit of excess of 2.00. Researching into this product and market is important, so the company is able to forecast its success. It is clear there is a market for this product. The correct location is also important. As the products will be sold on a market stall, our company will see less overhead costs compared to high street stores. Above shows a table showing the sales of scented candles between 1996-2000. This information is important so that company is able to see the changing trends over time. Un-scented candles are not as popular as scented candles. These products often uses to create a desired atmosphere and also used for show. Increasing sales can only mean that there is a demand for these types of products.This project has no major overhead expenses. Our main expense will be renting the stall that will cost approximately 16 per week. As no other major resources are required for example water, electric, our costs will be kept to a minimum and be able to transfer bargains to our customers. Analysing the business plan there is a big chance for success with this project. Sales for these products are increasing every year and the public are looking for new products to buy. Demand for candles are created by women and often purchased more by women. With busy, stressful lifestyles combined with working, looking after families has created an environment for candles. The below illustrates UK manufacture sales between 1996 and 1999. It shows that there is a drop in sales in the UK. In 1999 it shows that sales were down to 1.57 per candle. Source candles UK April, 2001Ansoffs product/marketThe Ansoffs product-market matrix helps to understand and assess marketing or business development strategy. ASG04 is able to use Ansoffs product matrix to see what mix strategic options to use. Product development is developin g or finding new products to take to an existing market. This is a strategy if the company has a strong market share in a particular market. Developing products are often a very expensive process. In this case, ASG04 does not have any market share, but with the product being sold are in demand and play apart of the market share in the UK. A business should try not to have any Dogs, but focusing on cash cows, problem child and stars that need to be kept in a kind of equilibrium. Funds generated by cash cows are used to turn problem child into stars that may turn into cash cows. Boston matrix.The Boston matrix model is a tool for assessing existing and development products in terms of their market potential. Our products lay between stars and soon to be turning into cash cows. The market already exists and has various types of candles that are sold. ASG04 is purchasing ready produced candles and developing them by making them more appealing to the public to buy.

Relaxation Therapy: Intervention Evaluation

Relaxation Therapy Intervention EvaluationPart Two herald and Discussion of Therapeutic InterventionReflection on Feedback from Part 1The discussion about the implementation of liberalization therapy in the chosen setting was preferably detailed, because there were a number of throng who raised issues which were important for managing the implementation. The start issue raised was the nature and type of the relaxation behavior, which also relate to a discussion of expertness in relation to providing relaxation of this type. Relaxation has been proven to be effective in a number of clinical scenarios (Hyman et al, 1989). However, questions were raised about the arrogate nature of the relaxations to be used were these to be advancing muscle relaxations, guided visualisation, or free visualisation (Lehrer et al, 1988)? There are significant differences in the effectuate of different kinds of approaches to relaxation and visualisation (Galvin et al, 2006 Gerdner, 2000 Selle rs, 2005). Questions were also raised about how well the intervention could be evaluated if there were different techniques being used.Therefore, genius of the changes that was make was to direct a circumscribed number of relaxation exercises and to only use these in spite of appearance the clinical setting. These were therefore limited to one progressive muscle relaxation exercise, and one guided visualisation, using very neutral imagery. There was no attempt at more complex therapeutic intervention. The issues raised about competence and expertise in providing these relaxation therapies were therefore addressed, and there was non need to seek out extra training or support in specific relaxation therapies. Further feedback identified a need to explore more evidence about relaxation therapies, furcateicularly for this kind of client group, and in health interventions in particular. Therefore, a further search of the literature, extending back further chronologically as well as looking more widely, was carried out, and such literature reexaminationed as part of the process of valuation of the intervention.A clear framework, rationale and evidence base for the selected therapeutic interventionRelaxation therapies have set up a broad lead of uses in healthcare practice.In this client group, there is evidence to suggest that relaxation therapies would be beneficial, simply because they can help the senior adult go for cognitive function and memory function (Galvin et al, 2006). Galvin et al (2006) describe the relaxation response in terms of a physiologic response that can look to the bio-chemical responses to trouble which can affect the cognitive functions of the senior(a) adult. In order to achieve this Relaxation Response, a range of therapies can be used. Numerous techniques, including progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, guided imagery, biofeedback, the pre-suggestion phase of hypnosis, deep breathing exercises, autogenic training, tai chi, Qi gong and yoga can elicit the relaxation response (Galvin et al, 2006 p 187). Obviously, a number of these techniques would require specialist training and specialist provision, and most likely, a private, designated and appropriate place in which to carry out the intervention. However, Galvin et als (2006) look does suggest that progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery are effective techniques for inducing the relaxation response. Improving memory function in older adults who mental illness readiness be particularly beneficial and might help to reduce anxiety.Conrad and Roth (2007) discuss the use of progressive muscle relaxation in providing therapy for anxiety disorders. Conrad and Roth (2007) define muscle relaxation therapy as an abbreviated therapy based on Jacobsons original PMR, which included in its training procedure first tensing a muscle and then releasing that tension. (p 244). They describe progressive muscle relaxation therapy as being based on the i dea that tense, stressed, and anxious people can find or so symptomatic and ongoing relief from their distress and the physiological responses which accompany it, by learning to reduce muscle tension within the body (Conrad and Roth, 2007). A modern theoretical rationale for MRT is that an important element of psychological distress is elicitation of a generalized stress activation response, comprising nine-fold central and peripheral physiological systems and learning to deactivate a single subsystem, the muscular system, will reduce activation in many other subsystems (Conrad and Roth, 2007 p 244). Ost (1987) echoes these findings. Conrad and Roths (2007) review of the literature demonstrates clear physiological responses to muscle relaxation which have a number of health benefits, in reducing the effects of anxiety on the body and brain, and controlling the bodys response.Yu et al (2007) show that relaxation therapy reduces physiologic distress in endurings with cardiovascula r disease, and has beneficial effects on recovery. It could be assumed, from these findings, that similar physiological responses to relaxation therapy would be beneficial to the ageing body systems as well as to the psychological submit and wellbeing of the older adult. Gerdner (2000) addresses the issue of distress and agitation and confusion in the older patient with Alzheimers disease, and looks at relaxation medicament as a means of meliorate these symptoms. Gerdner (2000) found that individualised relaxation music (music of preference to the patient) was very effective in reducing agitation and confusion. It would be appropriate, therefore, to provide a range of music for the patients receiving the intervention here, and this was tailored to patient preferences over time, looking at responses from patients, and asking patients and their carers about preferences. Although this can be difficult to implement in a group setting, it was also a useful adjunct to the relaxation s essions and could be used by patients when they practised the techniques individually.Murray (2008) found that relaxation techniques were of therapeutic benefit to patients with neurogenic disorders, including Parkinsons disease. OConor et al (2008) found that this kind of behavioural treatment of psychologic disturbance in dementia was effective, merely in the shorter term, and so the benefits were time-limited. Staal et al (2007) also found such behavioural interventions effective in dementia patients. However, this author believes that the therapies can continue to be of benefit to patients if they can learn to apply them independently, or if they are continued as a regular part of ongoing care. Other kinds of relaxation have been found to be particularly beneficial in elderly care, including animal-assisted therapy for dementia in the older adult (Filan and Llewellyn Jones, 2006 Sellers, 2005). All such interventions require is a dedicated practitioner to implement and evaluate them, and the facilities to carry them out. However, the literature is limited on the use of such therapeutic interventions in the kind of setting I planned to use them in.A discussion of the process of the application and an evaluation of the outcome of the intervention in the practice area. This should include objective and subjective feedback from the person(s) involvedIn line with the planning of this intervention, the author devised two relaxation protocols to ge declare place in a 16 bedded functional ward for adults over the age of 65 who suffer from a range of mental health illnessess, such as bi polar disorder, shizophrenia, depression, anxiety and onset dementia. The first protocol was a progressive muscle relaxation exercise, with a duration of around 15 minutes, supported by music that was acceptable to the patients amaze during the intervention. The second intervention was a guided imagery relaxation exercise, in which the patients were taken by dint of a progressiv e relaxation and then guided through and through a set sequence of visualising themselves in a comfortable place. The details of the visualisation were kept quite generic, in order to avoid, if possible, unwanted negative associations with particular imagery, such as, for example, using water in patients who are afraid of water. Therefore, the visualisation placed the patient in their favourite chair, in their favourite location, looking out of a window onto the sky and the landscape. They are guided to see blue skies, white clouds, rays of cheer coming through the window, and to aspect warm, relaxed and comfortable. A get off breeze, warm and gentle, comes through the window. The patients are encouraged to feel very relaxed and comfortable, and to enjoy the sensations they are feeling.The therapeutic relaxation was carried out with patients daily, and there was a mix of patients attending severally day. The therapy was carried out in the day room, and only those patients who c ould mobilise to the day room were included, and obviously, those who wished to join in. The mental faculty were informed about the intention to offer this therapy, and discussion with the lead nurses/key workers for each patient revealed their thoughts about the suitability of the intervention for their patient. Details about each patient that were relevant to the intervention were gathered from the clinical staff, and from the patients themselves and their carers/family members. Having carried out a more detailed literature review meant that I was able to provide a good rationale to staff, patients and carers, and also to discuss the measures I had taken in order to avoid any negative consequences.There were a number of issues which made the implementation of the intervention challenging. The first was the fact that I had to carry this out within the day room that is provided for the patients as no other area is available. This was not exactly appropriate as the lighting is too b right even when the lights are off and the seating is not comfortable. To achieve a good state of relaxation, comfortable seating and subdued lighting is important. Although it was possible to play music, it was not sufficient to drown out other ward noise. Also some patients tended to roam in and out of the area, which couldnt be helped, however it did disturb the group. Feedback from certain patients showed that they did enjoy the relaxation, but they found it hard to achieve deep relaxed states due to the surround in which the intervention was taking place, and due to the disturbances from patients (and staff at times) coming in and out, and from ward noises such as phones ringing. Some patients found the uncomfortable chairs worse than anything else. What this feedback shows, however, is that given(p) the right environment, this intervention might be somewhat more effective.Patient feedback around the effects of the intervention was mixed. Some patients said they enjoyed it, bu t did not feel very much different. However, these were patients who also found it difficult to carry on the intervention in their own time, and this lack of significant effect could be related to the interruptions and bad environment, and to their lack of commitment to continuing relaxation exercises on their own. Some patients found it very hard to achieve relaxation at first, but later successive sessions, were able to master the techniques. Two patients (and their carers) provided very positive feedback, stating that they were using progressive muscle relaxation regularly to manage feelings of anxiety, fear, and depression. The literature reflects this finding (Peasley Mikus and Vrana, 2000 Jorm et al, 2004 Knott et al, 1997). I found this to be a very positive result.Feedback from the staff was similarly mixed. Staff were generally positive about the potential benefits of relaxation therapy, but were blunt and quite disparaging about the available facilities and location supp orting this kind of intervention. Some expressed their doubts about patients being able to sit and apply the intervention, in certain cases. However, as stated, most were not opposed to the intervention. Feedback from staff, however, did not suggest that they viewed any particular benefit to patients, except in one case, where the patients key worker clearly stated that the relaxation techniques had helped with anxiety and depression symptoms. However, one of the negative issues that appeared in feedback from staff, patients and carers was the lack of belief in the ongoing service of such therapies for certain patients, and the difficulty for certain patients, such as those with dementia, to follow the instructions and achieve a true state of relaxation. My evaluation of the intervention, however, would be that contain it to two techniques was the right thing to do. The muscle relaxation alone was effective, but some patients did not tolerate the visualisation well. However, it is difficult to determine how beneficial these interventions might have been, because in my opinion, the negative effects of the poor environment, interruptions, noise and discomfort meant that it was difficult for them to achieve true relaxation. If I had had the facilities to measure physiological markers for a state of relaxation, I could have evaluated just how deep a state was achieved. In the circumstances, I do not believe that deep relaxation was achievable.Reflection on Personal Learning OutcomesMy personal learning outcomes for this experience were very much related to my skills in communication with patients, staff and carers, my ability to develop a deeper collar of a particular approach to supportive, therapeutic intervention in a clinical area, and the ability to apply principles of experiential learning and reflection to the experience in order to prepare for future practice.In relation to the development of communication skills, implementing this intervention required a lot of different types of communication, including communicating the benefits of the interventions to different types of people, patients, some of whom had cognitive or mental health issues, carers, who were lay people without specialist knowledge, and staff, who did have specialist knowledge. This required adaptability to different levels of communication, and good listening and interaction skills to be able to answer their questions appropriately and take their opinions into account prior to the intervention.In relation to the development of a detailed knowledge of a particular intervention, this was achieved through the detailed literature review, through talking to staff, and through carrying out the intervention. I gained a deeper understanding of the practicalities of this kind of intervention, and the environment and circumstances that are most contributive to achieving a state of relaxation. I also learned a lot about the kinds of things that assist in achieving a good s tate of relaxation, such as making sure everyone is ready, and that they have all been to the toilet and are not hungry or thirsty, and in the case of some patients, not in annoying or emotionally distressed, or due to have a dose of medication. I only learned these things through attempting to implement the intervention.In reflecting on the evaluation, the light of the feedback from staff, patients and carers, it was difficult to receive so much negative feedback, and also to understand the reasons for some of this. It was frustrating not to be able to provide an optimal environment for relaxation, and to realise that things might have been better if we could have had a better setting for the intervention. However, the fact that a small number of patients and carers, and one key worker, report beneficial effects of the intervention, was reassuring. Ideally, for this kind of therapy to be effective, providing the appropriate setting, and support, and building the therapy into daily care activities, and care plans, is important. Providing information for patients and carers on the activity, perhaps in the form of a patient/carer leaflet, would also be useful.Overall, I do believe that the intervention was a small success, and that in the future, with better forward planning and better facilities, it could present an opportunity for significant patient benefit for certain patients.ReferencesConrad, A. and Roth, W.T. (2007) Muscle relaxation therapy for anxiety disorders it works, but how? journal of Anxiety Disorders 21 243-264.Filan, S.L. and and Llewellyn-Jones, R.H. (2006). Animal-assisted therapy for dementia a review of the literature. multinational Psychogeriatrics, 18 597-611.Galvin, J.A., Benson, H., Deckro, G.R. et al (2006) The relaxation response reducing stress and improving cognition in healthy aging adults. Complementary Therapies in clinical Practice 12 186-191.Gerdner, L.A. (2000). Effects of Individualized Versus Classical Relaxation Music on the Frequency of Agitation in Elderly Persons With Alzheimers Disease and Related Disorders. International Psychogeriatrics, 12 49-65Hyman, R. B., Feldman, H. R., Harris, R. B., Levin, R. F., Malloy, G. B. (1989). The effects of relaxation training on clinical symptoms a meta-analysis. Nursing Research, 38(4), 216220.Jorm, A. F., Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., Parslow, R. A., Rodgers, B., Blewitt, K. A. (2004). Effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for anxiety disorders. Medical Journal of Australia, 181(7 Suppl.), S29S46.Knott, V., Bakish, D., Lusk, S., Barkely, J. (1997). Relaxation-induced EEG alterations in panic disorder patients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(4), 365376Lehrer, P.M. (1978). Psychophysiological effects of progressive relaxation in anxiety neurotic patients and of progressive relaxation and alpha feedback in nonpatients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46(3), 389404.Lehrer, P. M., Batey, D. M., Woolfolk, R. L., Remde, A. , Garlick, T. (1988). The effect of repeated tense-release sequences on EMG and self-report of muscle tension an evaluation of Jacobsonian and post-Jacobsonian assumptions about progressive relaxation. Psychophysiology, 25(5), 562569.Marks, I. M. (2002). The maturing of therapy. Some brief psychotherapies help anxiety/depressive disorders but mechanisms of action are unclear. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 200204.Murray, L.L. (2008) The Application of Relaxation Training Approaches to Patients With Neurogenic Disorders and Their Caregivers. Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders 18 90-98.OConnor, D.W., Ames, D., Gardner, B and King, M. (2008) Psychosocial treatments of behavior symptoms in dementia a systematic review of reports meeting quality standards. International Psychogeriatrics, Published online by Cambridge University Press 25 Sep 2008 lendable from http//journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?aid=2324948 Accessed 8-1-09.O st, L. G. (1987). Applied relaxation description of a coping technique and review of controlled studies. BehaviourResearch and Therapy, 25(5), 397409.Peasley-Miklus, C., Vrana, S. R. (2000). Effect of worrisome and relaxing thinking on timorous emotional processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(2), 129144.Sellers, D.M. (2005) The Evaluation of an Animal Assisted Therapy Intervention for Elders with Dementia in Long- bourn Care . ctivities, Adaptation Aging 30 (1) 61 77Staal, J.A., Sacks, A., Matheis, R. et al (2007) The Effects of Snoezelen (Multi-Sensory Behavior Therapy) and Psychiatric Care on Agitation, Apathy, and Activities of Daily Living in Dementia Patients on a Short Term Geriatric Psychiatric Inpatient Unit. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 37 (4) 357 370Yu, D.S.F., Lee, D.T.F. and Woon, J. (2007) Effects of relaxation therapy on psychologic distress and symptom position in older Chinese patients with heart failure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 62 427-437.

Comparison of Working and Non-Working Mother Adolescents

Comparison of Working and Non-Working engender AdolescentsRelation Among Depression, L 1liness and Self-efficacy of Adolescents of Working and Non-Working MotherSadia AfrinSummaryThe main purpose of this study was to investigate the relation among depression, retirement and self-efficacy of c all in al junior-grades of operative and non-working mothers whether mothers occupation has any effects on girlishs depression, loneliness and self-efficacy. Assess whether depression, loneliness and self-efficacy of adolescents disagree by gender or not. The participants of the relevant study go away be 100 adolescents of working mothers where 50 depart male and 50 will female and 100 adolescents of non-working mothers where 50 will male and 50 will female between the age separate of 15 to 18 years chartered purposively by convenience sampling technique. To collect the data I will use Bangla Version (Pervin, 2007) of the Revised UCLA desolation shell (Russell, Dan, 1978), The Depres sion Scale (Rahman Uddin, 2005), and adopted Bengali Version (Ilyas, 2005) of Sherers (1982) General Self-Efficacy Scale. Descriptive and correlativity statistical techniques will be employed to depict the three-figure data. Successful completion of the project will add a worthy picture of take chances factors of adolescents.IntroductionAdolescence comes from Latin word adolescere which gist to grow up. It is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood. We all face different emotion, feeling in all over in our life. Depression is an emotional state marked by great sadness and apprehension, feelings of worthlessness and guilt, loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities. So it is a state of lowmoodand aversion to activity that corporation affect a persons thoughts, behavior, feelings andsense of well being. According to the content Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement (NC S-A), about 11% of adolescents have a depressive disorder by age 18. Girls are experiencing depression more likely than boys. Depression in adolescents is in all probability under diagnosed because the symptoms can be difficult to recognize. Loneliness is an unpleasant experience that occurs when a network of kindly relationships of a person is significantly deficient whether qualitatively or quantitatively. This definition consists two points of agreement. First, loneliness comes from a deficiency in a persons well-disposed relationships. It happens when there is a mismatch between a persons essential social relations and the persons needs or desires for social contact. Second, loneliness is not synonymous with social isolation it is persons subjective experience. So it can be said that, Lonelinessis unpleasant and unexpectedemotionalresponse to isolation or separation or lack of companionship. Although loneliness comes time to time of all age but during adolescence (particular ly early adolescence) it is stayed in peak because of many changes in social expectations, roles, relationships, and identities, which may increase the experience of loneliness. Self-efficacy ones perceived capabilities for teaching and per take ining actions at designated levels. It is the power or strength of ones belief in ones own ability to finish tasks and reach aims. According to Albert Bandura, self-efficacy is the belief in ones capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations. In other words, self-efficacy is a persons belief in his or her ability to succeed in a particular situation. Many researchers are counting academic competence as self efficacy which begins to decline in grade 7 or earlier.Research in where using longer depression scales such as the Beck Depression Inventory also find a strong relationship between loneliness and depression. The consistent association of loneliness and depression Bragg (1979) propos ed a distinction between depressed loneliness and non-depressed loneliness. In a study of college students, Bragg found that depressed loneliness was associated with fairly global negativity, seen in dissatisfaction with social relations, school, work, and many facets of life. In contrast, non-depressed lonely people expressed dissatisfaction only with their social relations they were not necessarily unhappy about other aspects of their lives. Cognitive processes may also influence the loneliness-depression link. Lonely people who blame themselves for their social problems and who connect their loneliness to unchangeable factors may be most prone to depression. Self-efficacy makes a difference to as how people feel, think, and act. High self-efficacy allows individuals to choose challenging settings and explore their purlieu or create new ones. While Bandura (1997) reported that a low self-efficacy is associated with a low self-esteem, Heslin and Klehe (2006) noted that self-effic acy is related to the experience of stress and work burnout. Specifically, low self-efficacy can lead to a sense of helplessness and hopelessness about ones capability of self-esteem. Dussault and Deaudelin (2001) found a negative correlation between self-efficacy and loneliness (r = .25). This finding suggests that loneliness is more likely exists in people who have bring down self-efficacy.Every moment mothers are working for shaverren, in this study working mother indicating them who are attached with job, business almost five years at this time and non-working means mothers who are only housewives. According to Raymond Montemayor Mark D. Clayton (1967), maternal function might be more likely to result in problems for adolescents when it takes place in the context of family instability, undesirable peer influences and lack of maternal supervision. Lakhe (2003) completed a study which has the aim to see the social adjustment of the adolescents of working and non-working mot hers. The result was found that adolescents total level of adjustments of working mother is high than non-working mother. Suprerna Khanna studied on relationship between emotional intelligence and social maturity of adolescent children of working and non-working mothers. This study also found significant social maturity in adolescent children of working mothers than non-working mothers.Rationale of the studyIn Bangladesh, there are almost 27.7million adolescents. Among them, a significant numbers are ache different mental health problems like anxiety, depression, stress, loneliness, low self-efficacy etc. In previous study we saw that adolescents whose mothers work in outside will misplace more mental health problems such as depression, loneliness and low self-efficacy than the adolescents whose mother stay in home. The rationale of the study is that, at first we poster whether the adolescents of working women and non-working women differ in the level of depression, loneliness a nd self-efficacy. If there found any differences then we say that there may remain some risk factors towards the differences in depression, loneliness and self-efficacy regarding their working status (working women, non-working women).The findings of the proposed study might help the improvement of adolescents life. Adolescents loneliness and self-efficacy are jibe with depression. If their loneliness is high or low then their depression will be high or low. And it also hypothesized that high-low self-efficacy is also correlated with low-high depression. If these correlations are founded the just extensive study on those areas will lead to explore risk factors and positive factors. Statistics shows that 30 percent of teens with depression also develop a mall abuse problem, lonely teens struggle with relationships and more dangerous thing is untreated depression is the number one cause of suicide, so if we can assume that adolescent child of working mother has these risk factors w e can prevent these factors and also working mothers can concerns about their children and they can make different environment where child can not feel lonely, do not be depressed and make high self efficacy.Objectives of the studyThe objectives of the present study are toinquire the relationship among depression, loneliness and self-efficacy of adolescents of working and non-working mothers.Whether mothers occupation has any effects on adolescents depression, loneliness and self-efficacy.Assess whether depression, loneliness and self-efficacy of adolescents differ by gender.MethodResearch DesignCross sectional study. Quantitative research, Random individual interview.Sample Size and ParticipantsAlmost 50 thousands of adolescents of Dhaka urban center are population in this study. The present study will be conducted on 200 adolescents where 100 will be working mothers adolescents and 100 will be non-working mothers adolescents who will be selected purposively but some will be selec ted conveniently and randomly. First I will select the school or college conveniently where I can collect data easily and then select a class randomly, I select the students purposively (criteria mothers occupation, gender). A total of 200 adolescents (male and female) will be taken from Rajuk Uttara Model College by convenience sampling technique. The age of the respondents was between 15 to 18 years. Distributions of participants are given in the table 1.Table 1Distribution of participantsAdolescents (Working Mother) Adolescents (Non-Working Mother)Male 50 50Female 50 50 tally 100 100 = 200InstrumentsDemographic and personal information questionnaireBy this questionnaire, the data on age, gender, educational background, no. of siblings, family status, fathers occupation, and mothers occupations details (job/business, duration, place), mothers age, mothers educational background will be collected.Bangla Version (Pervin, 2007) of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, Dan, 1978 ) The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale was developed to measure loneliness. It is a 20 items 4 point Likert type scale. 20 items of English version were translated into Bengali. Each of the 20 items is grievanced such that 1 indicates lack of loneliness and a 4 indicates high level of loneliness. Thus, total scores of the scale can range from 20 to 80. Higher score means high level of loneliness and lower score means low feelings of loneliness.The Depression Scale (Rahman Uddin, 2005)The depression scale was constructed to measure depression in the context of Bangladesh. It consisted of 30 items or statements. The answer options for each item of the scale were according to 5 point rating scale. Sum of all values indicated total score on the scale. The highest possible score of 30-items form of depression scale is 150 and the lowest possible score is 30. Higher score indicates higher depression and lower score indicates low level of depression.Adapted Bangla Version (Ilyas, 2005) of S herer et. al.s (1982) General Self-Efficacy ScaleThis scale was used to measure degree of agreement with perceived personal ability to affect outcomes in various situations. It was a 17 items 5 point Likert type scale where scores ranged between 1(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). 6 of the 17 items were negative and for these items the scoring was reversed. Total score in the scale ranged from 17-85 with higher score representing higher self-efficacy.ProcedureNecessary demographic information sheet will be prepared first the standard data collection procedure will be followed with a view to obtaining data about depression, loneliness and self-efficacy of adolescents of working and non-working mothers. First, the participants will sit in a room and then a brief description will be given about the questionnaire. They will be also instructed not to discuss about anything with one another while answering the questions and they will be assured that their opinions would be kept as confidential. The questionnaire with bio-data form was administered individually and they will ask to answer all the questions by giving tick marks. Once the answers will be collected, the respondents will be thanked for their kind co-operation. I will code and analyze the collected data by using computer software SPSS version 16.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences).EthicsAbsence of the honorable Committee I will not be able to collect Ethical Approval, but I will collect the permission of the Principle and strength of the collage. I will also collect the consent of the students verbally.Data AnalysesA descriptive analysis will be conducted of the variables such as gender, age, mothers occupation. Then t-test analysis will be carried out to find out the differences between male and female adolescents. After that I will apply correlation statistics to find out the relationship among depression, loneliness and self-efficacy. Then a multiple regression analysis will be car ried out to see how much depression, loneliness affect self-efficacy.Time FrameAnnex 1Objective-Data Collection Method analysis